Neoantigen vaccine: an emerging tumor immunotherapy

Molecular Cancer, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 18(1)

Published: Aug. 23, 2019

Genetic instability of tumor cells often leads to the occurrence a large number mutations, and expression non-synonymous mutations can produce tumor-specific antigens called neoantigens. Neoantigens are highly immunogenic as they not expressed in normal tissues. They activate CD4+ CD8+ T generate immune response have potential become new targets immunotherapy. The development bioinformatics technology has accelerated identification combination different algorithms identify predict affinity neoantigens major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs) or immunogenicity is mainly based on whole-exome sequencing technology. Tumor vaccines targeting include nucleic acid, dendritic cell (DC)-based, cell, synthetic long peptide (SLP) vaccines. with checkpoint inhibition therapy radiotherapy chemotherapy might achieve better therapeutic effects. Currently, several clinical trials demonstrated safety efficacy these Further technologies algorithms, well an improvement our understanding mechanisms underlying development, will expand application neoantigen future.

Language: Английский

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The role of BCL-2 family proteins in regulating apoptosis and cancer therapy

Frontiers in Oncology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 12

Published: Oct. 12, 2022

Apoptosis, as a very important biological process, is response to developmental cues or cellular stress. Impaired apoptosis plays central role in the development of cancer and also reduces efficacy traditional cytotoxic therapies. Members B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) protein family have pro- anti-apoptotic activities been studied intensively over past decade for their importance regulating apoptosis, tumorigenesis, responses anticancer therapy. Since inflammatory induced by apoptosis-induced cell death small, at present, drugs targeting has attracted more attention. Consequently, focus this review summarize current research on BCL-2 proteins proteins. Additionally, mechanism was explored. All findings indicate potential therapy cancer.

Language: Английский

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Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Unfolded Protein Response in Neurodegenerative Diseases

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 21(17), P. 6127 - 6127

Published: Aug. 25, 2020

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an important organelle involved in protein quality control and cellular homeostasis. accumulation of unfolded proteins leads to ER stress, followed by adaptive response via the activation (UPR), PKR-like kinase (PERK), inositol-requiring transmembrane kinase/endoribonuclease 1α (IRE1α) activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) pathways. However, prolonged cell stress activates apoptosis signaling leading death. Neuronal cells are particularly sensitive misfolding, consequently UPR dysfunctions were found be many neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s amyotrophic lateral sclerosis prions diseases, among others characterized aggregation misfolded proteins. Pharmacological modulation affected tissues may contribute treatment prevention neurodegeneration. association between neuropathology well established. In this review, we provide up-to-date evidence disorders therapeutic strategies targeting ameliorating toxic effects unfolding aggregation.

Language: Английский

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Mechanisms of muscle insulin resistance and the cross‐talk with liver and adipose tissue

Physiological Reports, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 8(19)

Published: Oct. 1, 2020

Insulin resistance is a metabolic disorder affecting multiple tissues and precursor event to type 2 diabetes (T2D). As T2D affects over 425 million people globally, there an imperative need for research into insulin better understand the underlying mechanisms. The proposed mechanisms involved in include both whole body aspects, such as inflammation inflexibility; well cellular phenomena, lipotoxicity, ER stress, mitochondrial dysfunction. Despite numerous studies emphasizing role of lipotoxicity pathogenesis resistance, understanding interplay between these still emerging. Furthermore, tissue-specific unique responses each three major target how interconnect regulate response has become new priority research. With emphasis on skeletal muscle, this mini-review highlights key similarities differences signaling different target-tissues, presents latest findings related communicate control metabolism.

Language: Английский

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Cancer Vaccines, Adjuvants, and Delivery Systems

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 12

Published: March 30, 2021

Vaccination was first pioneered in the 18th century by Edward Jenner and eventually led to development of smallpox vaccine subsequently eradication smallpox. The impact vaccination prevent infectious diseases has been outstanding with many infections being prevented a significant decrease mortality worldwide. Cancer vaccines aim clear active disease instead aiming disease, only exception recently approved that prevents cancers caused Human Papillomavirus. therapeutic cancer disappointing early showed promise preclinical models often failing translate into efficacy clinic. In this review we provide an overview current platforms, adjuvants delivery systems are currently investigated or have approved. With advent immune checkpoint inhibitors, also potential these be used improve help overcome suppressive tumor microenvironment.

Language: Английский

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Mitochondrial Dynamics, ROS, and Cell Signaling: A Blended Overview

Life, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 11(4), P. 332 - 332

Published: April 10, 2021

Mitochondria are key intracellular organelles involved not only in the metabolic state of cell, but also several cellular functions, such as proliferation, Calcium signaling, and lipid trafficking. Indeed, these characterized by continuous events fission fusion which contribute to dynamic plasticity their network, strongly influenced mitochondrial contacts with other subcellular organelles. Nevertheless, mitochondria release a major amount reactive oxygen species (ROS) inside eukaryotic cells, reported mediate plethora both physiological pathological growth regulation autophagy, apoptosis, metastasis. Therefore, targeting ROS could be promising strategy overcome hinder development diseases cancer, where malignant possessing higher respect healthy ones, specifically targeted therapeutic treatments. In this review, we collected ultimate findings on blended interplay among shaping, ROS, signaling pathways, order dissection molecular mechanisms pathophysiology possibly improving future approaches.

Language: Английский

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Mitochondrial Impairment: A Common Motif in Neuropsychiatric Presentation? The Link to the Tryptophan–Kynurenine Metabolic System

Cells, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 11(16), P. 2607 - 2607

Published: Aug. 21, 2022

Nearly half a century has passed since the discovery of cytoplasmic inheritance human chloramphenicol resistance. The was then revealed to take place maternally by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Later, number mutations in mtDNA were identified as cause severe inheritable metabolic diseases with neurological manifestation, and impairment functions been probed pathogenesis wide range illnesses including neurodegenerative diseases. Recently, growing preclinical studies have that animal behaviors are influenced possibly loss stress resilience. Indeed, high 54% patients one most common primary diseases, encephalomyopathy lactic acidosis stroke-like episodes (MELAS) syndrome, present psychiatric symptoms cognitive impairment, mood disorder, anxiety, psychosis. Mitochondria multifunctional organelles which produce cellular energy play major role other homeostasis, signaling, gene expression, among others. Mitochondrial observed be compromised become less resilient under continuous stress. Meanwhile, inflammation linked activation tryptophan (Trp)-kynurenine (KYN) system, observably contributes development pathological conditions disorders. This review discusses mitochondria Trp-KYN interaction system mitochondria, current understanding involvement clinical

Language: Английский

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New insights into the role of mitochondrial dynamics in oxidative stress-induced diseases

Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 178, P. 117084 - 117084

Published: Aug. 1, 2024

The accumulation of excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) can lead to oxidative stress (OS), which induce gene mutations, protein denaturation, and lipid peroxidation directly or indirectly. expression is reduced ATP level in cells, increased cytoplasmic Ca

Language: Английский

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Synergistic mechanism between the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria and their crosstalk with other organelles

Cell Death Discovery, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 9(1)

Published: Feb. 9, 2023

Abstract Organelles are functional areas where eukaryotic cells perform processes necessary for life. Each organelle performs specific functions; however, highly coordinated crosstalk occurs between them. Disorder of networks often occur in various diseases. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria crucial organelles as they the material synthesis oxidative metabolism centers, respectively. Homeostasis orchestrated interactions essential maintaining normal activities cells. However, mode mechanism is still a research challenge. Furthermore, intricate association dyshomeostasis progression many human diseases remains unclear. This paper systematically summarized latest advances synergistic their with other based on recent literature. It also highlights application potential homeostasis maintenance preventative treatment strategy

Language: Английский

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Long non-coding RNA PVT1 interacts with MYC and its downstream molecules to synergistically promote tumorigenesis

Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 76(21), P. 4275 - 4289

Published: July 15, 2019

Numerous studies have shown that non-coding RNAs play crucial roles in the development and progression of various tumor cells. Plasmacytoma variant translocation 1 (PVT1) mainly encodes a long RNA (lncRNA) is located on chromosome 8q24.21, which constitutes fragile site for genetic aberrations. PVT1 well-known its interaction with neighbor MYC, qualified oncogene plays vital role tumorigenesis. In past several decades, increasing attention has been paid to mechanism between will benefit clinical treatment prognosis patients. this review, we summarize coamplification MYC cancer, positive feedback mechanism, latest promoter competition as well how participates downstream signaling pathway c-Myc by regulating key molecules. We also briefly describe prospects research directions MYC.

Language: Английский

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