Alzheimer’s Disease: Treatment Strategies and Their Limitations

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 23(22), P. 13954 - 13954

Published: Nov. 12, 2022

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most frequent case of neurodegenerative and becoming a major public health problem all over world. Many therapeutic strategies have been explored for several decades; however, there still no curative treatment, priority remains prevention. In this review, we present an update on clinical physiological phase AD spectrum, modifiable non-modifiable risk factors treatment with focus prevention strategies, then research models used in AD, followed by discussion limitations. The methods can significantly slow evolution are currently best strategy possible before advanced stages disease. Indeed, current drug treatments only symptomatic effects, disease-modifying not yet available. Drug delivery to central nervous system complex process represents challenge developing preventive strategies. Studies underway test new techniques facilitate bioavailability molecules brain. After deep study literature, find use soft nanoparticles, particular nanoliposomes exosomes, as innovative approach reducing solving problems brain bioavailability. show promising role exosomes smart systems able penetrate blood–brain barrier target tissues. Finally, different administration neurological disorders discussed. One intranasal which should be preclinical studies diseases.

Language: Английский

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Inflammatory Processes in Alzheimer’s Disease—Pathomechanism, Diagnosis and Treatment: A Review

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 24(7), P. 6518 - 6518

Published: March 30, 2023

Alzheimer’s disease is one of the most commonly diagnosed cases senile dementia in world. It an incurable process, often leading to death. This multifactorial, and factor this inflammation. Numerous mediators secreted by inflammatory cells can cause neuronal degeneration. Neuritis may coexist with other mechanisms disease, contributing progression, also directly underlie AD. Although much has been established about processes pathogenesis AD, many aspects remain unexplained. The work devoted particular pathomechanism inflammation its role diagnosis treatment. An in-depth detailed understanding neuroinflammation help development diagnostic methods for early contribute new therapeutic strategies disease.

Language: Английский

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Alzheimer’s Disease: A Brief History of Immunotherapies Targeting Amyloid β

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 24(4), P. 3895 - 3895

Published: Feb. 15, 2023

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and may contribute to 60-70% cases. Worldwide, around 50 million people suffer from prediction that number will more than triple by 2050, as population ages. Extracellular protein aggregation plaque deposition well accumulation intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, all leading neurodegeneration, are hallmarks brains with disease. Therapeutic strategies including active passive immunizations have been widely explored in last two decades. Several compounds shown promising results many AD animal models. To date, only symptomatic treatments available because alarming epidemiological data, novel therapeutic prevent, mitigate, or delay onset required. In this mini-review, we focus on our understanding pathobiology discuss current immunomodulating therapies targeting amyloid-β protein.

Language: Английский

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Targeting aging and age-related diseases with vaccines

Nature Aging, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 4(4), P. 464 - 482

Published: April 15, 2024

Language: Английский

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Pathogenesis, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics for Alzheimer's Disease: Breaking the Memory Barrier

Ageing Research Reviews, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 101, P. 102481 - 102481

Published: Sept. 3, 2024

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia and accounts for 60-70 % all cases. It affects millions people worldwide. AD poses a substantial economic burden on societies healthcare systems. progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive decline, memory loss, impaired daily functioning. As prevalence continues to increase, understanding its pathogenesis, improving diagnostic methods, developing effective therapeutics have become paramount. This comprehensive review delves into intricate mechanisms underlying AD, explores current state techniques, examines emerging therapeutic strategies. By revealing complexities this aims contribute growing body knowledge surrounding devastating disease.

Language: Английский

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Neurotrophic factor-α1/carboxypeptidase E controls progression and reversal of Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis in mice

Theranostics, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 15(6), P. 2279 - 2292

Published: Jan. 13, 2025

Background: Neurotrophic Factor-α1/Carboxypeptidase E (NF-α1/CPE) is a pivotal neuroprotective protein implicated in rescuing cognitive decline associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, its direct role AD pathogenesis remains unexplored. Methods: We utilized the Cre/LoxP system to diminish NF-α1/CPE expression, and employed AAV-mediated overexpression of NF-α1/CPE. Results: expression was significantly down-regulated advanced stages age 5xFAD mice. Reduced levels hippocampus mice increased plaque burden, microglial cell count, disrupted synaptogenesis, intensified impairments at 5 7 months. by 9 months, no further progression detrimental effects observed. Overexpression markedly decreased amyloid accumulation, mitigated spatial memory deficits, normalized hippocampal synaptogenesis anomalies across early late disease. Conclusion: critical regulator pathogenesis, offering promising therapeutic potential for reducing beta deposition toxicity AD.

Language: Английский

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The Amyloid-Beta Clearance: From Molecular Targets to Glial and Neural Cells

Biomolecules, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 13(2), P. 313 - 313

Published: Feb. 7, 2023

The deposition of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques in the brain is one primary pathological characteristics Alzheimer’s disease (AD). It can take place 20–30 years before onset clinical symptoms. imbalance between production and clearance Aβ major causes AD. Enhancing at an early stage attractive preventive therapeutic strategy Direct inhibition aggregation using small molecules, peptides, monoclonal antibody drugs has not yielded satisfactory efficacy trials for decades. Novel approaches are required to understand combat deposition. Neurological dysfunction a complex process that integrates functions different types cells brain. role non-neurons AD been fully elucidated. An in-depth understanding interactions neurons contribute elucidation formation identification effective drug targets. patient-derived pluripotent stem (PSCs) contain complete background information have potential differentiate into various vitro, which may bring new insight treatment Here, we systematically review latest studies on clarify roles cell among microglia, astroglia response plaques, will be beneficial explore methods reconstructing models inducible PSCs (iPSCs) through differentiation techniques validating applications plaques. This provide most promising directions finding clues preventing delaying development

Language: Английский

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Recent advancement in therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer’s disease: Insights from clinical trials

Ageing Research Reviews, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 92, P. 102113 - 102113

Published: Nov. 1, 2023

Language: Английский

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Dietary Protection against Cognitive Impairment, Neuroinflammation and Oxidative Stress in Alzheimer’s Disease Animal Models of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 24(6), P. 5921 - 5921

Published: March 21, 2023

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a rapidly growing epidemic with heavy social and economic burden. Evidence suggests that systemic inflammation, dysregulation of the immune response resulting neuroinflammation neurodegeneration play significant role in AD pathogenesis. Currently, given there no fully convincing cure for AD, interest lifestyle factors (such as diet), which potentially delay onset reduce severity symptoms, increasing. This review aimed at summarizing effects dietary supplementation on cognitive decline, oxidative stress AD-like animal models focus induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection, mimics inflammation animals. The compounds reviewed include curcumin, krill oil, chicoric acid, plasmalogens, lycopene, tryptophan-related dipeptides, hesperetin selenium peptides. Despite heterogeneity these compounds, strong consensus their counteracting action LPS-induced deficits neuroinflammatory responses rodents modulating cell-signaling processes, such NF-κB pathway. Overall, interventions could represent an important resource to oppose due influence neuroprotection regulation.

Language: Английский

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Intranasal Drug Delivery by Nanotechnology: Advances in and Challenges for Alzheimer’s Disease Management

Pharmaceutics, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 16(1), P. 58 - 58

Published: Dec. 29, 2023

Alzheimer's disease, a progressive neurodegenerative condition, is characterized by gradual decline in cognitive functions. Current treatment approaches primarily involve the administration of medications through oral, parenteral, and transdermal routes, aiming to improve function alleviate symptoms. However, these treatments face limitations, such as low bioavailability inadequate permeation. Alternative invasive methods, while explored, often entail discomfort require specialized assistance. Therefore, development non-invasive efficient delivery system crucial. Intranasal has emerged potential solution, although it constrained unique conditions nasal cavity. An innovative approach involves use nano-carriers based on nanotechnology for intranasal delivery. This strategy overcome current limitations providing enhanced bioavailability, improved permeation, effective traversal blood-brain barrier, extended retention within body, precise targeting brain. The comprehensive review focuses advancements designing various types nano-carriers, including polymeric nanoparticles, metal lipid liposomes, nanoemulsions, Quantum dots, dendrimers. These are specifically tailored therapeutic agents aimed at combatting disease. In summary, utilization systems show significant surmounting constraints disease strategies. Nevertheless, essential acknowledge regulatory well toxicity concerns associated with this route; meticulous consideration required when engineering carrier. underscores revolutionize management highlights importance addressing considerations safe implementations. Embracing could lead substantial field treatment.

Language: Английский

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