An Update on Anti-COVID-19 Vaccines and the Challenges to Protect Against New SARS-CoV-2 Variants

Pathogens, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 14(1), P. 23 - 23

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

The COVID-19 pandemic has posed a significant threat to global health systems, with extensive impacts across many sectors of society. been responsible for millions deaths worldwide since its first identification in late 2019. Several actions have taken prevent the disease, including unprecedented fast development and vaccination campaigns, which were pivotal reducing symptoms deaths. Given impact pandemic, continuous changes virus, present vaccine technologies, this review analyzes how, so far, we met challenge by emergence new variants discusses how next-generation pan-coronavirus vaccines, enhanced longevity breadth immune responses, may be tackled alternative administration routes antigen delivery platforms. By addressing these critical aspects, aims contribute ongoing efforts achieve long-term control COVID-19, stimulating discussion work on vaccines capable facing future waves infection.

Language: Английский

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Alterations in microbiota of patients with COVID‐19: implications for therapeutic interventions

MedComm, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 5(4)

Published: March 15, 2024

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) recently caused a global pandemic, resulting in more than 702 million people being infected and over 6.9 deaths. Patients with disease (COVID-19) may suffer from diarrhea, sleep disorders, depression, even cognitive impairment, which is associated long COVID during recovery. However, there remains no consensus on effective treatment methods. Studies have found that patients COVID-19 alterations microbiota their metabolites, particularly the gut, be involved regulation of immune responses. Consumption probiotics alleviate discomfort by inflammation oxidative stress. pathophysiological process underlying alleviation COVID-19-related symptoms complications targeting unclear. In current study, we summarize latest research evidence together SARS-CoV-2 vaccine use, focus relationship between use. This work provides probiotic-based interventions improve regulating gut systemic immunity. Probiotics also used as adjuvants to efficacy.

Language: Английский

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Modeling vaccination strategies with limited early COVID-19 vaccine access in low- and middle-income countries: A case study of Thailand

Infectious Disease Modelling, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 8(4), P. 1177 - 1189

Published: Nov. 15, 2023

Low- and middle-income countries faced significant challenges in accessing COVID-19 vaccines during the early stages of pandemic. In this study, we utilized an age-structured modeling approach to examine implications various vaccination strategies, vaccine prioritization, rollout speeds Thailand, upper-middle-income country experiencing shortages The model directly compares effectiveness several including heterologous where CoronaVac (CV) was administered as first dose, followed by ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZ) second under varying disease transmission dynamics. We found that traditional AZ homologous more effective than CV vaccination, regardless However, combining via either parallel or vaccinations relying solely on vaccination. Additionally, prioritizing for elderly aged 60 years above most way reduce mortality when community is well-controlled. On other hand, workers 20-59 lowering cases, irrespective Lastly, despite prioritization strategy, rapid were crucial reducing infections deaths. These findings suggested low- access high-efficacy might be limited, obtaining any accessible possible using them with higher-efficacy a better strategy waiting vaccines.

Language: Английский

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Genetic diversity of the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus in cohorts of patients affected with SARS-CoV-2

Human Genomics, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 19(1)

Published: Jan. 30, 2025

Language: Английский

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On the post-COVID syndrome pathogenesis

Cytokines and inflammation, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Feb. 4, 2025

In 2023, the pandemic of new coronavirus infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 was declared over WHO. Apparently, has become a seasonal respiratory viral infection. Among problems remaining after end pandemic, one leading places is occupied post-Covid syndrome - condition associated with persistence symptoms COVID-19 or reappearance 3 months illness. Most common features are: immune dysregulation, persistence, continued systemic inflammation, autoimmune dysorders, tromboses and endothelial damage, myocarditis, ischemic cardial disease, lung fibrosis. These different organ dysfunctions are accompanied neurological complications. Precise pathophysiological mechanisms to be discovered. The review addresses issues pathogenesis syndrome.

Language: Английский

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COVID-19 Induces Greater NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation in Obese Patients than Other Chronic Illnesses: A Case–Control Study

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 26(4), P. 1541 - 1541

Published: Feb. 12, 2025

Obesity has been identified as an independent risk factor for severe COVID-19 unfavorable outcomes. Several factors, such increased ACE2 receptor expression and chronic inflammation, can contribute to this relationship, yet the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome pathway is also a key element. Our primary goal was determine whether in people with obesity different critical conditions. A retrospective analysis conducted using clinical data post-mortem lung tissue samples from 14 patients (group A) 9 who died non-COVID-19 causes B). Immunohistochemical assessed twelve markers related pathway. Group showed significantly higher ASC (p = 0.0387) CASP-1 0.0142). No significant differences were found IL-8, TNF-α, NF-kB, NLRP3, IL-1β, gasdermin-D. B had levels IL-6 < 0.0001), IL-18 0.002), CASP-9 HIF 0.0327). We concluded that activates pathway, possibly leading pyroptotic cell death mediated by caspase-1. In contrast, without COVID-19, despite exhibiting some inflammasome, are more likely experience necroptosis caspase-9.

Language: Английский

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The influence of genetic polymorphisms on cytokine profiles in pediatric COVID-19: a pilot study

Frontiers in Pediatrics, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 13

Published: Feb. 24, 2025

Recent studies have underscored the importance of genetic factors in predicting COVID-19 susceptibility and severity. While cytokine storms are crucial disease severity, predisposition significantly influences immune responses. Our study examined genes related to SARS-CoV-2 invasion (ACE2 rs2074192) interferon-induced immunity (IFNAR2 rs2236757, TYK2 rs2304256, OAS1 rs10774671, OAS3 rs10735079). Additionally, we investigated linked Kawasaki (CD40 rs4813003, FCGR2A rs1801274, CASP3 rs113420705) that play roles immunogenesis. The pilot study, which involved 75 pediatric patients aged one month 17 years [43 with active COVID-19, children multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C), 15 healthy controls], was conducted Ternopil, Ukraine. Gene polymorphism studied for all patients. ELISA kits were used interleukin studies, including Human IL-1β (Interleukin 1 Beta), IL-6 6), IL-8 8), IL-12 12), IFN-α (Interferon Alpha), TNF-α (Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha). Statistical analysis performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 21 GraphPad Prism 8.4.3. identified significant gene-cytokine associations ACE2 rs2074192 T allele correlated increased IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α. IFNAR2 rs2236757 A elevated levels low levels, while rs10774671 carriers also exhibited lower levels. prognostically determining infected SARS-CoV-2. gene rs10735079 associated changes precisely a high level. CD40 rs4813003 C had higher IL-12. results our revealed correlation between rs1801274 (A/G). rs113420705 led an increase IL-6. These findings enhance understanding may hold promise developing targeted interventions providing personalized medical approach each patient.

Language: Английский

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The Two Sides of the COVID-19 Pandemic

COVID, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 3(12), P. 1746 - 1760

Published: Dec. 4, 2023

On 5 May 2023, the World Health Organization (WHO) officially declared end of coronavirus disease-19 (or COVID-19) pandemic. Even before official announcement from WHO, signs recovery pandemic started appearing, especially after rapid worldwide vaccination. As society is getting back to its usual with each passing day, increasing socio-economic activities, discussion negative and positive outcomes COVID-19 remain predominant topic debate. Through this review, we discuss bright side without undermining pain suffering everyone has gone through in The review also examined painful Therefore, can be looked at as a comparison between pandemic’s effects. discussed aspects ranging technological development, including mRNA-based vaccines, artificial intelligence-based screening, telemedicine, social behavior, individual global health environment. areas needing more attention for managing future pandemics. highlighted what should followed or continued our preparedness any possible Toward end, how better prepared world pandemics, predicted by experts.

Language: Английский

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Liver Involvement during SARS-CoV-2 Infection Is Associated with a Worse Respiratory Outcome in COVID-19 Patients

Viruses, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 15(9), P. 1904 - 1904

Published: Sept. 10, 2023

Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), may be complicated life-threatening interstitial pneumonia. SARS-CoV-2 infection also damage several tissues and/or organs beyond the lungs, including liver. However, controversy still exists as to whether SARS-CoV-2-induced liver alterations can have an impact on outcome COVID-19. The aim this study was therefore assess SARS-CoV-2-infected patients with abnormalities at time hospital referral had a worse respect no biochemistry alterations. To end, medical records 123 admitted our COVID center between end 2020 and spring 2021 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients divided into two groups: those normal biochemistries (group 1, 77 patients) altered function tests 2, 46 patients). Serum levels aminotransferases (AST ALT) bile duct cell injury markers (γ-GT ALP) used dichotomize patients. A higher percentage enzyme found develop COVID-19 pneumonia group 1 (74% vs. 65%); moreover, they needed more days support and, importantly, intensive administration supplemental oxygen. statistically significant correlation aminotransferase duration support. mortality rate not superior in In conclusion, admission predisposed development pneumonia, because longer requirement for oxygen support, indicative evolution these

Language: Английский

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Development of a Melting-Curve-Based Multiplex Real-Time PCR Assay for the Simultaneous Detection of Viruses Causing Respiratory Infection

Microorganisms, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 11(11), P. 2692 - 2692

Published: Nov. 2, 2023

The prompt and accurate identification of the etiological agents viral respiratory infections is a critical measure in mitigating outbreaks. In this study, we developed clinically evaluated novel melting-curve-based multiplex real-time PCR (M-m-qPCR) assay targeting RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) nucleocapsid phosphoprotein N SARS-CoV-2, Matrix protein 2 Influenza A virus, RdRp domain L from Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus, polyprotein Rhinovirus B genes. analytical performance M-m-qPCR underwent assessment using silico analysis panel reference clinical strains, encompassing viral, bacterial, fungal pathogens, exhibiting 100% specificity. Moreover, showed detection limit 10 copies per reaction for all targeted pathogens positive controls. To validate its applicability, was further tested simulated nasal fluid spiked with viruses mentioned above, followed by validation on nasopharyngeal swabs collected 811 individuals. Among them, 13.4% (109/811) 1.1% (9/811) A. Notably, these results concordance those obtained commercial kit. Therefore, exhibits great potential routine screening pathogens.

Language: Английский

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