Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 1 - 40

Published: May 5, 2025

Micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs), pervasive environmental pollutants, contaminate water, soil, air, the food chain ultimately accumulate in living organisms. Macrophages are main immune cells that gather around MNPs engulf them through process of phagocytosis. This internalization triggers M1 polarization secretion inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1, IL-18, IL-12, TNF-α, IFN-γ. Furthermore, damage mitochondria lysosomes, causing overactivation iNOS excessive production ROS. results cellular stress induce apoptosis, necroptosis, and, some cases, metosis macrophages. The also increases expression receptors, involving CD36, SR-A, LOX-1, macrophage receptor with a collagenous structure (MARCO) while decreasing ABCA-1 ABCG-1. adipose tissue macrophages trigger proinflammatory cytokine secretion, adipogenesis, lipid accumulation, insulin resistance, cytokines adipocytes. Various factors influence rate MNP by macrophages, size, charge, concentration, which affect passive diffusion. Receptor-mediated phagocytosis occurs directly via receptors like T-cell immunoglobulin mucin domain containing 4 (TIM-4) MARCO. attachment biomolecules, proteins, antibodies, opsonins, or microbes to (forming corona structures) promotes indirect receptor-mediated endocytosis, as possess TLRs FcγRIII. cause gut dysbiosis, risk factor for microenvironment polarization. Here, we review mechanisms consequences exposure, is linked autoimmunity, inflammation, cardiometabolic syndrome manifestations, atherosclerosis obesity, highlighting immunotoxicity MNPs.

Language: Английский