Gut instincts: microbiota as a key regulator of brain development, ageing and neurodegeneration

The Journal of Physiology, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 595(2), P. 489 - 503

Published: Sept. 19, 2016

There is a growing realisation that the gut-brain axis and its regulation by microbiota may play key role in biological physiological basis of neurodevelopmental, age-related neurodegenerative disorders. The routes communication between brain are being unravelled include vagus nerve, gut hormone signalling, immune system, tryptophan metabolism or way microbial metabolites such as short chain fatty acids. importance early life shaping future health outcomes also emerging. Disturbances this composition antibiotic exposure, lack breastfeeding, infection, stress environmental influences coupled with influence host genetics can result long-term effects on physiology behaviour, at least animal models. It worth noting mode delivery birth those born Caesarean section having distinctly different to per vaginum. At other extreme life, ageing associated narrowing diversity healthy correlates diverse microbiome. Recently, has been implicated variety conditions including depression, autism, schizophrenia Parkinson's disease. still considerable debate whether not changes core pathophysiology merely epiphenomenal. plausible neuropsychiatric disorders might be treated targeting either transplantation, antibiotics psychobiotics.

Language: Английский

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Bacterial–fungal interactions: ecology, mechanisms and challenges

FEMS Microbiology Reviews, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 42(3), P. 335 - 352

Published: Feb. 16, 2018

Fungi and bacteria are found living together in a wide variety of environments. Their interactions significant drivers many ecosystem functions important for the health plants animals. A large number fungal bacterial families engage complex that lead to critical behavioural shifts microorganisms ranging from mutualism antagonism. The importance bacterial-fungal (BFI) environmental science, medicine biotechnology has led emergence dynamic multidisciplinary research field combines highly diverse approaches including molecular biology, genomics, geochemistry, chemical microbial ecology, biophysics ecological modelling. In this review, we discuss recent advances underscore roles BFI across relevant habitats ecosystems. particular focus is placed on understanding within communities regard metaorganism concept. We also discoveries clarify (molecular) mechanisms involved relationships, contribution new technologies decipher generic principles terms physical associations dialogues. Finally, future directions order stimulate synergy area resolve outstanding questions.

Language: Английский

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Phylosymbiosis: Relationships and Functional Effects of Microbial Communities across Host Evolutionary History

PLoS Biology, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 14(11), P. e2000225 - e2000225

Published: Nov. 18, 2016

Phylosymbiosis was recently proposed to describe the eco-evolutionary pattern, whereby ecological relatedness of host-associated microbial communities parallels phylogeny related host species. Here, we test prevalence phylosymbiosis and its functional significance under highly controlled conditions by characterizing microbiota 24 animal species from four different groups (Peromyscus deer mice, Drosophila flies, mosquitoes, Nasonia wasps), reevaluate phylosymbiotic relationships seven wild hominids. We demonstrate three key findings. First, intraspecific variation is consistently less than interspecific variation, microbiota-based models predict origin with high accuracy across dataset. Interestingly, age clade divergence positively associates degree community distinguishability between within clades, spanning recent speciation events (~1 million y ago) more distantly genera (~108 ago). Second, topological congruence analyses each group's complete dendrogram reveal significant degrees phylosymbiosis, irrespective or taxonomy. Third, consistent selection on host-microbiota interactions driving there are survival performance reductions when transplants conducted closely divergent pairs. Overall, these findings indicate that composition effects an animal's can be allied evolution, even wide-ranging timescales diverse systems reared conditions.

Language: Английский

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Microbiome interactions shape host fitness

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 115(51)

Published: Dec. 3, 2018

Gut bacteria can affect key aspects of host fitness, such as development, fecundity, and lifespan, while the host, in turn, shapes gut microbiome. However, it is unclear to what extent individual species versus community interactions within microbiome are linked fitness. Here, we combinatorially dissect natural Drosophila melanogaster reveal that between shape fitness through life history tradeoffs. Empirically, made germ-free flies colonized with each possible combination five core fly bacteria. We measured resulting bacterial abundances traits, including reproduction, lifespan. The promoted diversity, which, accelerated aging: Flies reproduced more died sooner. From these measurements, calculated impact on by adapting mathematics genetic epistasis Development fecundity converged higher suggesting minimal dependence interactions. lifespan were highly dependent species. Higher-order (involving three, four, species) occurred 13-44% cases depending trait, same affecting multiple a reflection tradeoff. Overall, found frequently context-dependent often had magnitude themselves, indicating be important microbiomes.

Language: Английский

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The sponge holobiont in a changing ocean: from microbes to ecosystems

Microbiome, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 6(1)

Published: March 9, 2018

The recognition that all macroorganisms live in symbiotic association with microbial communities has opened up a new field biology. Animals, plants, and algae are now considered holobionts, complex ecosystems consisting of the host, microbiota, interactions among them. Accordingly, ecological concepts can be applied to understand host-derived processes govern dynamics interactive networks within holobiont. In marine systems, holobionts further integrated into larger more ecosystems, concept referred as "nested ecosystems." this review, we discuss dynamic interact at multiple scales respond environmental change. We focus on symbiosis sponges their communities—a resulted one most diverse environment. recent years, sponge microbiology remarkably advanced terms curated databases, standardized protocols, information functions microbiota. Like Russian doll, these translated holobiont impact surrounding ecosystem. For example, sponge-associated metabolisms, fueled by high filtering capacity substantially affect biogeochemical cycling key nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous. Since increasingly threatened anthropogenic stressors jeopardize stability ecosystem, link between perturbations, dysbiosis, diseases. Experimental studies suggest community composition is tightly linked health, but whether dysbiosis cause or consequence collapse remains unresolved. Moreover, potential role microbiome mediating for acclimate adapt change unknown. Future should aim identify mechanisms underlying scales, from develop management strategies preserve provided our present future oceans.

Language: Английский

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Ancestral alliances: Plant mutualistic symbioses with fungi and bacteria

Science, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 356(6340)

Published: May 25, 2017

Within the plant microbiota, mutualistic fungal and bacterial symbionts are striking examples of microorganisms playing crucial roles in nutrient acquisition. They have coevolved with their hosts since initial adaptation to land. Despite evolutionary distances that separate mycorrhizal nitrogen-fixing symbioses, these associations share a number highly conserved features, including specific symbiotic signaling pathways, root colonization strategies circumvent immune responses, functional host-microbe interface formation, central role phytohormones symbiosis-associated developmental pathways. We highlight recent emerging areas investigation relating evolutionarily mechanisms, an emphasis on more ancestral associations, consider what extent this knowledge can contribute understanding plant-microbiota as whole.

Language: Английский

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Getting the Hologenome Concept Right: an Eco-Evolutionary Framework for Hosts and Their Microbiomes

mSystems, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 1(2)

Published: March 30, 2016

Given the complexity of host-microbiota symbioses, scientists and philosophers are asking questions at new biological levels hierarchical organization-what is a holobiont hologenome? When should this vocabulary be applied? Are these concepts null hypothesis for host-microbe systems or limited to certain spectrum symbiotic interactions such as host-microbial coevolution? Critical discourse necessary in nascent area, but productive requires that skeptics proponents use same lexicon. For instance, critiquing hologenome concept not synonymous with coevolution, arguing an entity primary unit selection dismisses fact has always embraced multilevel selection. Holobionts hologenomes incontrovertible, multipartite entities result from ecological, evolutionary, genetic processes various levels. They restricted one special process constitute wider framework host biology light microbiome.

Language: Английский

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The Hologenome Concept: Helpful or Hollow?

PLoS Biology, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 13(12), P. e1002311 - e1002311

Published: Dec. 4, 2015

With the increasing appreciation for crucial roles that microbial symbionts play in development and fitness of plant animal hosts, there has been a recent push to interpret evolution through lens "hologenome"—the collective genomic content host its microbiome. But how evolve and, particularly, whether they undergo natural selection benefit hosts are complex issues associated with several misconceptions about evolutionary processes host-associated communities. Microorganisms can have intimate, ancient, and/or mutualistic associations without having undergone hosts. Likewise, observing host-specific community composition or greater similarity among more closely related does not imply coevolved let alone evolved host. Although at level symbiotic community, hologenome, occurs some cases, it should be accepted as null hypothesis explaining features host–symbiont associations.

Language: Английский

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Interplay Between Innate Immunity and the Plant Microbiota

Annual Review of Phytopathology, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 55(1), P. 565 - 589

Published: June 24, 2017

The innate immune system of plants recognizes microbial pathogens and terminates their growth. However, recent findings suggest that at least one layer this is also engaged in cooperative plant-microbe interactions influences host colonization by beneficial communities. This involves sensing microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) initiate quantitative responses to control host-microbial load, whereas diversification MAMPs PRRs emerges as a mechanism locally sculpts assemblages plant populations. suggests more complex management role the for controlled accommodation microbes pathogen elimination. finding similar strategies are deployed symbionts dampen consistent with hypothesis but implies different selective pressures on due contrasting outcomes fitness. reciprocal interplay between microbiota likely plays critical shaping plant-microbiota combinations maintaining homeostasis.

Language: Английский

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Unraveling the processes shaping mammalian gut microbiomes over evolutionary time

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 8(1)

Published: Feb. 23, 2017

Abstract Whether mammal–microbiome interactions are persistent and specific over evolutionary time is controversial. Here we show that host phylogeny major dietary shifts have affected the distribution of different gut bacterial lineages did so on vastly phylogenetic resolutions. Diet mostly influences acquisition ancient large microbial lineages. Conversely, correlation with seen among more recently diverged lineages, consistent processes operating at similar timescales to evolution. Considering microbiomes appropriate scales allows us model their evolution along mammalian tree infer diets from predicted ancestors. Phylogenetic analyses support co-speciation as having a significant role in microbiome compositions. Highly co-speciating genera also associated immune diseases humans, laying path for future studies probe these bacteria signs co-evolution.

Language: Английский

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