The Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids From Gut Microbiota in Gut-Brain Communication

Frontiers in Endocrinology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 11

Published: Jan. 31, 2020

A substantial body of evidence supports that the gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in regulation metabolic, endocrine and immune functions. In recent years, there has been growing recognition involvement modulation multiple neurochemical pathways through highly interconnected gut-brain axis. Although amazing scientific breakthroughs over last few years have expanded our knowledge on communication between microbes their hosts, underpinnings microbiota-gut-brain crosstalk remain to be determined. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), main metabolites produced colon by bacterial fermentation dietary fibers resistant starch, are speculated play key neuro-immunoendocrine regulation. However, underlying mechanisms which SCFAs might influence brain physiology behavior not fully elucidated. this review, we will outline current about interactions. We also highlight how development future treatments for central nervous system (CNS) disorders can take advantage intimate mutual interactions with exploring function.

Language: Английский

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Inflammation in CNS neurodegenerative diseases

Immunology, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 154(2), P. 204 - 219

Published: March 7, 2018

Neurodegenerative diseases, the leading cause of morbidity and disability, are gaining increased attention as they impose a considerable socioeconomic impact, due in part to ageing community. Neuronal damage is pathological hallmark Alzheimer's Parkinson's amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, spinocerebellar ataxia multiple although such also observed following neurotropic viral infections, stroke, genetic white matter diseases paraneoplastic disorders. Despite different aetiologies, for example, mutations, trauma protein aggregations, neuronal frequently associated with chronic activation an innate immune response CNS. The growing awareness that system inextricably involved shaping brain during development well mediating damage, but regeneration repair, has stimulated therapeutic approaches modulate neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we review current understanding how astrocytes microglia, neurons oligodendrocytes, shape neuroimmune development, aberrant responses arise or environmental triggers may predispose CNS We discuss known interactions between peripheral brain, concepts on cells enter leave A better disease will be key further manipulating these effective therapies improve quality life, reduce impact neuroinflammatory degenerative

Language: Английский

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The Gut Microbiota and Alzheimer’s Disease

Journal of Alzheimer s Disease, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 58(1), P. 1 - 15

Published: March 31, 2017

The gut microbiota comprises a complex community of microorganism species that resides in our gastrointestinal ecosystem and whose alterations influence not only various disorders but also central nervous system such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD, the most common form dementia, i s neurodegenerative disorder associated with impaired cognition cerebral accumulation amyloid-β peptides (Aβ). Most notably, microbiota-gut-brain axis is bidirectional communication fully understood, includes neural, immune, endocrine, metabolic pathways. Studies germ-free animals exposed to pathogenic microbial infections, antibiotics, probiotics, or fecal transplantation suggest role for host AD-related pathogenesis. increased permeability blood-brain barrier induced by dysbiosis may mediate affect AD pathogenesis other disorders, especially those aging. In addition, bacteria populating can secrete large amounts amyloids lipopolysaccharides, which might contribute modulation signaling pathways production proinflammatory cytokines AD. Moreover, imbalances induce inflammation obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, purpose this review summarize discuss current findings elucidate development Understanding underlying mechanisms provide new insights into novel therapeutic strategies

Language: Английский

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Microbiota-Brain-Gut Axis and Neurodegenerative Diseases

Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 17(12)

Published: Oct. 17, 2017

Language: Английский

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Brain-Gut-Microbiota Axis in Alzheimer’s Disease

Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 25(1), P. 48 - 60

Published: Jan. 10, 2019

Disturbances along the brain-gut-microbiota axis may significantly contribute to pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is most frequent cause dementia characterized by a progressive decline in cognitive function associated with formation amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Alterations gut microbiota composition induce increased permeability barrier immune activation leading systemic inflammation, which turn impair blood-brain promote neuroinflammation, neural injury, ultimately neurodegeneration. Recently, Aβ has also been recognized as an antimicrobial peptide participating innate response. However, dysregulated state, reveal harmful properties. Importantly, bacterial amyloids through molecular mimicry elicit cross-seeding misfolding microglial priming. The seeding propagation occur at different levels axis. potential mechanisms spreading include neuron-to-neuron or distal neuron spreading, direct crossing via other cells astrocytes, fibroblasts, microglia, system cells. A growing body experimental clinical data confirms key role dysbiosis microbiota-host interactions convergence gut-derived inflammatory response together aging poor diet elderly AD. Modification food-based therapy probiotic supplementation create new preventive therapeutic options

Language: Английский

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Impact of microbiota on central nervous system and neurological diseases: the gut-brain axis

Journal of Neuroinflammation, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 16(1)

Published: March 1, 2019

Development of central nervous system (CNS) is regulated by both intrinsic and peripheral signals. Previous studies have suggested that environmental factors affect neurological activities under physiological pathological conditions. Although there anatomical separation, emerging evidence has indicated the existence bidirectional interaction between gut microbiota, i.e., (diverse microorganisms colonizing human intestine), brain. The cross-talk microbiota brain may crucial impact during basic neurogenerative processes, in neurodegenerative disorders tumors CNS. In this review, we discuss biological interplay gut-brain axis, further explore how communication be dysregulated diseases. Further, highlight new insights modification composition, which emerge as a promising therapeutic approach to treat CNS disorders.

Language: Английский

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Bacteriophages of the Human Gut: The “Known Unknown” of the Microbiome

Cell Host & Microbe, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 25(2), P. 195 - 209

Published: Feb. 1, 2019

Language: Английский

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The gut microbiome from patients with schizophrenia modulates the glutamate-glutamine-GABA cycle and schizophrenia-relevant behaviors in mice

Science Advances, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 5(2)

Published: Feb. 1, 2019

Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a devastating mental disorder with poorly defined underlying molecular mechanisms. The gut microbiome can modulate brain function and behaviors through the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Here, we found that unmedicated medicated patients SCZ had decreased α-diversity index marked disturbances of microbial composition versus healthy controls (HCs). Several unique bacterial taxa (e.g., Veillonellaceae Lachnospiraceae) were associated severity. A specific panel (Aerococcaceae, Bifidobacteriaceae, Brucellaceae, Pasteurellaceae, Rikenellaceae) enabled discriminating from HCs 0.769 area under curve. Compared to HCs, germ-free mice receiving fecal transplants lower glutamate higher glutamine GABA in hippocampus displayed SCZ-relevant similar other mouse models involving glutamatergic hypofunction. Together, our findings suggest itself alter neurochemistry neurologic ways may be relevant pathology.

Language: Английский

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Gut microbiome and aging: Physiological and mechanistic insights

Nutrition and Healthy Aging, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 4(4), P. 267 - 285

Published: Nov. 7, 2017

The development of human gut microbiota begins as soon the neonate leaves protective environment uterus (or maybe in-utero) and is exposed to innumerable microorganisms from mother well surrounding environment. Concurrently, host responses these microbes during early life manifest an otherwise hitherto immature immune system. microbiome, which comprises extremely diverse complex community inhabiting intestinal tract, keeps on fluctuating different stages life. While deviations are largely natural, inevitable benign, recent studies show that unsolicited perturbations in configuration could have strong impact several features health disease. Our undergoes most prominent infancy old age and, interestingly, our also its weakest unstable state two critical life, indicating develop hand-in-hand. However, mechanisms underlying interactions only now beginning be revealed. present review summarizes evidences related age-associated changes vice-versa, involved this bi-directional relationship, prospective for microbiota-based interventions such probiotics healthy aging.

Language: Английский

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Altered bile acid profile associates with cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease—An emerging role for gut microbiome

Alzheimer s & Dementia, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 15(1), P. 76 - 92

Published: Oct. 15, 2018

Abstract Introduction Increasing evidence suggests a role for the gut microbiome in central nervous system disorders and specific gut‐brain axis neurodegeneration. Bile acids (BAs), products of cholesterol metabolism clearance, are produced liver further metabolized by bacteria. They have major regulatory signaling functions seem dysregulated Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods Serum levels 15 primary secondary BAs their conjugated forms were measured 1464 subjects including 370 cognitively normal older adults, 284 with early mild cognitive impairment, 505 late 305 AD cases enrolled Neuroimaging Initiative. We assessed associations BA profiles selected ratios diagnosis, cognition, AD‐related genetic variants, adjusting confounders multiple testing. Results In compared to we observed significantly lower serum concentrations (cholic acid [CA]) increased bacterially produced, BA, deoxycholic acid, its glycine taurine forms. An ratio acid:CA, which reflects 7α‐dehydroxylation CA bacteria, strongly associated decline, finding replicated brain samples Rush Religious Orders Memory Aging Project. Several variants immune response–related genes implicated showed profiles. Discussion report first time an association between altered profile, AD, changes using large multicenter study. These findings warrant investigation dysbiosis possible gut‐liver‐brain pathogenesis AD.

Language: Английский

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