The First Microbial Colonizers of the Human Gut: Composition, Activities, and Health Implications of the Infant Gut Microbiota

Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 81(4)

Published: Nov. 8, 2017

SUMMARY The human gut microbiota is engaged in multiple interactions affecting host health during the host's entire life span. Microbes colonize neonatal immediately following birth. establishment and interactive development of this early are believed to be (at least partially) driven modulated by specific compounds present milk. It has been shown that certain genomes infant commensals, particular those bifidobacterial species, genetically adapted utilize glycans secretory fluid, thus representing a very intriguing example host-microbe coevolution, where both partners benefit. In recent years, various metagenomic studies have tried dissect composition functionality microbiome explore distribution across different ecological niches biogeography corresponding microbial consortia, including bacteria viruses, healthy ill subjects. Such analyses linked features microbiota/microbiome, such as reduced diversity or aberrant composition, intestinal illnesses infants disease states manifested at later stages life, asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, metabolic disorders. Thus, growing number reported on how composition/development may affect risk factors related adult conditions. This concept fueled strategies shape based functional food products. review, we describe microbiota, mechanisms drive its consortia molded natural artificial interventions. Finally, discuss relevance key players bifidobacteria, with respect their role disease.

Language: Английский

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Gut microbiome and health: mechanistic insights

Gut, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 71(5), P. 1020 - 1032

Published: Feb. 1, 2022

The gut microbiota is now considered as one of the key elements contributing to regulation host health. Virtually all our body sites are colonised by microbes suggesting different types crosstalk with organs. Because development molecular tools and techniques (ie, metagenomic, metabolomic, lipidomic, metatranscriptomic), complex interactions occurring between microorganisms progressively being deciphered. Nowadays, deviations linked many diseases including obesity, type 2 diabetes, hepatic steatosis, intestinal bowel (IBDs) several cancer. Thus, that various pathways involved in immunity, energy, lipid glucose metabolism affected. In this review, specific attention given provide a critical evaluation current understanding field. Numerous mechanisms explaining how bacteria might be causally protection or onset discussed. We examine well-established metabolites short-chain fatty acids, bile trimethylamine N-oxide) extend more recently identified actors endocannabinoids, bioactive lipids, phenolic-derived compounds, advanced glycation end products enterosynes) their receptors such peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) gamma (PPARγ), aryl hydrocarbon (AhR), G protein-coupled GPR41, GPR43, GPR119, Takeda 5). Altogether, complexity aspects linking health will help set basis for novel therapies already developed.

Language: Английский

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Human gut microbiome: hopes, threats and promises

Gut, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 67(9), P. 1716 - 1725

Published: June 22, 2018

The microbiome has received increasing attention over the last 15 years. Although gut microbes have been explored for several decades, investigations of role microorganisms that reside in human attracted much beyond classical infectious diseases. For example, numerous studies reported changes microbiota during not only obesity, diabetes, and liver diseases but also cancer even neurodegenerative is viewed as a potential source novel therapeutics. Between 2013 2017, number publications focusing on was, remarkably, 12 900, which represents four-fifths total 40 years investigated this topic. This review discusses recent evidence impact metabolic disorders focus selected key mechanisms. aims to provide critical analysis current knowledge field, identify putative issues or problems discuss misinterpretations. abundance metagenomic data generated comparing diseased healthy subjects can lead erroneous claim bacterium causally linked with protection onset disease. In fact, environmental factors such dietary habits, drug treatments, intestinal motility stool frequency consistency are all influence composition should be considered. cases bacteria Prevotella copri Akkermansia muciniphila will discussed examples.

Language: Английский

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Next-Generation Beneficial Microbes: The Case of Akkermansia muciniphila

Frontiers in Microbiology, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 8

Published: Sept. 22, 2017

Metabolic disorders associated with obesity and cardiometabolic are worldwide epidemic. Among the different environmental factors, gut microbiota is now considered as a key player interfering energy metabolism host susceptibility to several non-communicable diseases. next- generation beneficial microbes that have been identified, Akkermansia muciniphila promising candidate. Indeed, A. inversely obesity, diabetes, diseases low-grade inflammation. Besides numerous correlations observed, large body of evidence has demonstrated causal impact this bacterium in variety preclinical models. Translating these exciting observations human would be next logic step it appears obstacles prevent use A.muciniphila administration humans overcome. Moreover, lines indicate pasteurization not only increases its stability but more importantly efficacy. This strongly positions forefront candidates for developing novel food or pharma supplements effects. Finally, specific protein present on outer membrane muciniphila, termed Amuc_1100, could strong candidate future drug development. In conclusion, plants related knowledge, known pharmacognosy, source designing drugs over last century, we propose microbiomegnosy, knowledge our microbiome, can become therapies.

Language: Английский

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The gut microbiome: Relationships with disease and opportunities for therapy

The Journal of Experimental Medicine, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 216(1), P. 20 - 40

Published: Oct. 15, 2018

Over the past decade, our view of human-associated microbes has expanded beyond that a few species toward an appreciation diverse and niche-specialized microbial communities develop in human host with chronological age. The largest reservoir exists distal gastrointestinal tract, both lumen, where facilitate primary secondary metabolism, on mucosal surfaces, they interact immune cell populations. While local microbial-driven immunomodulation gut is well described, more recent studies have demonstrated role for microbiome influencing remote organs hematopoietic function. Unsurprisingly, therefore, perturbation to composition function microbiota been associated chronic diseases ranging from inflammatory metabolic conditions neurological, cardiovascular, respiratory illnesses. Considerable effort currently focused understanding natural history development humans context health outcomes, parallel improving knowledge microbiome-host molecular interactions. These efforts ultimately aim effective approaches rehabilitate perturbed ecosystems as means restore or prevent disease. This review details modulating focus discusses strategies manipulating management prevention conditions.

Language: Английский

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Akkermansia muciniphila: paradigm for next-generation beneficial microorganisms

Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 19(10), P. 625 - 637

Published: May 31, 2022

Language: Английский

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Akkermansia muciniphila is a promising probiotic

Microbial Biotechnology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 12(6), P. 1109 - 1125

Published: April 21, 2019

Summary Akkermansia muciniphila ( A. ), an intestinal symbiont colonizing in the mucosal layer, is considered to be a promising candidate as probiotics. known have important value improving host metabolic functions and immune responses. Moreover, may modifying cancer treatment. However, most of current researches focus on correlation between diseases, little about causal relationship them. Few intervention studies are limited animal experiments, explored its safety efficacy humans. Therefore, critical analysis knowledge will play foundation for it defined new beneficial microbe. This article review bacteriological characteristics , well with disorders, diseases therapy.

Language: Английский

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The nasal and gut microbiome in Parkinson's disease and idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder

Movement Disorders, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 33(1), P. 88 - 98

Published: Aug. 26, 2017

ABSTRACT Background Increasing evidence connects the gut microbiota and onset and/or phenotype of Parkinson's disease (PD). Differences in abundances specific bacterial taxa have been reported PD patients. It is, however, unknown whether these differences can be observed individuals at high risk, for example, with idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder, a prodromal condition α‐synuclein aggregation disorders including PD. Objectives To compare carefully preserved nasal wash stool samples subjects manifest PD, healthy individuals. Methods Microbiota flash‐frozen from 76 patients, 21 disorder 78 controls were assessed by 16S 18S ribosomal RNA amplicon sequencing. Seventy variables, related to demographics, clinical parameters nonmotor symptoms, sample processing, analyzed relation microbiome variability controlled differential analyses performed. Results Differentially abundant microbes, such as Akkermansia , but no strong microbiota. Eighty percent microbes versus showed similar trends Anaerotruncus several Bacteroides spp., correlated symptoms. Metagenomic sequencing select enabled reconstruction genomes so far uncharacterized differentially organisms. Conclusion Our study reveals microbial its prodrome comparison controls, highlights potential metagenomics identify characterize taxa, which are enriched or depleted disorder. © 2017 The Authors. Movement Disorders published Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf International Parkinson Disorder Society.

Language: Английский

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The Potential of Gut Commensals in Reinforcing Intestinal Barrier Function and Alleviating Inflammation

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 10(8), P. 988 - 988

Published: July 29, 2018

The intestinal microbiota, composed of pro- and anti-inflammatory microbes, has an essential role in maintaining gut homeostasis functionality. An overly hygienic lifestyle, consumption processed fiber-poor foods, or antibiotics are major factors modulating the microbiota possibly leading to longstanding dysbiosis. Dysbiotic is characterized have altered composition, reduced diversity stability, as well increased levels lipopolysaccharide-containing, proinflammatory bacteria. Specific commensal species novel probiotics, so-called next-generation could restore health by means attenuating inflammation strengthening epithelial barrier. In this review we summarize latest findings considering beneficial effects promising commensals across all phyla. These include already well-known bifidobacteria, which use extracellular structures secreted substances promote health. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Roseburia intestinalis, Eubacterium hallii metabolize dietary fibers short-chain fatty acid producers providing energy sources for enterocytes achieving gut. Akkermansia muciniphila exerts action metabolic diseases fortifies barrier function. health-promoting Bacteroides relatively recently discovered with excreted immunomodulatory molecules. promising, unconventional probiotics be a part biotherapeutic strategies future.

Language: Английский

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High-Fat, Western-Style Diet, Systemic Inflammation, and Gut Microbiota: A Narrative Review

Cells, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 10(11), P. 3164 - 3164

Published: Nov. 14, 2021

The gut microbiota is responsible for recovering energy from food, providing hosts with vitamins, and a barrier function against exogenous pathogens. In addition, it involved in maintaining the integrity of intestinal epithelial barrier, crucial functional maturation immune system. Western diet (WD)—an unhealthy high consumption fats—can be broadly characterized by overeating, frequent snacking, prolonged postprandial state. term WD commonly known intuitively understood. However, strict digital expression nutrient ratios not precisely defined. Based on US data 1908–1989, calory intake available fats increased 32% to 45%. Besides metabolic aspects (hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, sympathetic nervous system renin-angiotensin overstimulation, oxidative stress), consequences excessive fat (high-fat diet—HFD) comprise dysbiosis, dysfunction, permeability, leakage toxic bacterial metabolites into circulation. These can strongly contribute development low-grade systemic inflammation. This narrative review highlights most important recent advances linking HFD-driven dysbiosis HFD-related inflammation, presents pathomechanisms these phenomena, examines possible causative relationship between pro-inflammatory status changes.

Language: Английский

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