Mask wearing in community settings reduces SARS-CoV-2 transmission

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 119(23)

Published: May 31, 2022

Significance We resolve conflicting results regarding mask wearing against COVID-19. Most previous work focused on mandates; we study the effect of directly. find that population notably reduced SARS-CoV-2 transmission (mean mask-wearing levels corresponding to a 19% decrease in R). use largest survey (n = 20 million) and obtain our estimates from regions across six continents. account for nonpharmaceutical interventions time spent public, quantify uncertainty. Factors additional mandates influenced worldwide early uptake wearing. Our analysis goes further than past quality data–100 times size with random sampling–geographical scope, semimechanistic infection model, validation results.

Language: Английский

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Masks and respirators for prevention of respiratory infections: a state of the science review

Clinical Microbiology Reviews, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 37(2)

Published: May 22, 2024

SUMMARYThis narrative review and meta-analysis summarizes a broad evidence base on the benefits-and also practicalities, disbenefits, harms personal, sociocultural environmental impacts-of masks masking. Our synthesis of from over 100 published reviews selected primary studies, including re-analyzing contested meta-analyses key clinical trials, produced seven findings. First, there is strong consistent for airborne transmission severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) other pathogens. Second, are, if correctly consistently worn, effective in reducing diseases show dose-response effect. Third, respirators are significantly more than medical or cloth masks. Fourth, mask mandates overall, community Fifth, important symbols; non-adherence to masking sometimes linked political ideological beliefs widely circulated mis- disinformation. Sixth, while much that not generally harmful general population, may be relatively contraindicated individuals with certain conditions, who require exemption. Furthermore, groups (notably D/deaf people) disadvantaged when others masked. Finally, risks environment single-use respirators. We propose an agenda future research, improved characterization situations which should recommended mandated; attention comfort acceptability; generalized disability-focused communication support settings where worn; development testing novel materials designs filtration, breathability, impact.

Language: Английский

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Global survey on COVID-19 beliefs, behaviours and norms

Nature Human Behaviour, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 6(9), P. 1310 - 1317

Published: May 23, 2022

Language: Английский

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An open repository of real-time COVID-19 indicators

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 118(51)

Published: Dec. 13, 2021

Significance To study the COVID-19 pandemic, its effects on society, and measures for reducing spread, researchers need detailed data course of pandemic. Standard public health streams suffer inconsistent reporting frequent, unexpected revisions. They also miss other aspects a population’s behavior that are worthy consideration. We present an open database COVID signals in United States, measured at county level updated daily. This includes traditionally reported cases deaths, many others: mobility, social distancing, internet search trends, self-reported symptoms, patterns COVID-related activity deidentified medical insurance claims. The provides all common, easy-to-use format, empowering both research operational decision-making.

Language: Английский

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Behavioral Risk Factors and Adherence to Preventive Measures: Evidence From the Early Stages of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Frontiers in Public Health, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 9

Published: June 9, 2021

Behavioral risk factors, such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, obesity, and unhealthy food intake are added factors for severe outcomes of COVID-19 infections. Preventive measures to avoid infections therefore particularly important individuals engaging in behavioral factors. We seek determine whether (BRFs) play a significant role the adherence preventive population aged 50 above. The SHARE wave 8 (Survey Health, Ageing Retirement Europe) Survey served database, resulting an analytical sample 17,588 respondents from 23 European countries plus Israel. Of these 36.04% engaged at least one BRF 16.68% 3 or more BRFs. Multilevel logistic regressions revealed that engagement was significantly associated with less hygiene measures, i.e., hand-sanitizing, hand-washing covering coughs sneezes (OR: 0.86; 95% CI: 0.78; 0.94), two BRFs 0.85; 0.74; 0.97) three 0.72; 0.59; 0.88). No association found between adherences social isolation avoiding meeting than five people, visiting others going shopping, regulated wearing mask keeping distance. also stronger when were (1 vs. BRFs: χ2 = 3.43, p 0.06; 2 6.05; 0.01). study gives insight into protective behavior inherent vulnerability during global health emergency. It lays foundation follow-up research about evolution pandemic progresses long-term changes. In addition, it can aide efforts increasing compliance by raising awareness pose.

Language: Английский

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The Effectiveness Of Government Masking Mandates On COVID-19 County-Level Case Incidence Across The United States, 2020

Health Affairs, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 41(3), P. 445 - 453

Published: Feb. 16, 2022

Evidence for the effectiveness of masking on SARS-CoV-2 transmission at individual level has accumulated, but additional benefit community-level mandates is less certain. In this observational study matched cohorts from 412 US counties between March 21 and October 20, 2020, we estimated association county-level public daily COVID-19 case incidence. On average, incidence per 100,000 people in masked compared with unmasked declined by 25 percent four weeks, 35 six 18 across weeks postintervention. The beneficial effect varied regions different population densities political leanings. most concentrated effects were seen urban counties; was potentially stronger within Republican-leaning counties. Although benefits not equally distributed all regions, conferred reducing community during an early period pandemic.

Language: Английский

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The exciting potential and daunting challenge of using GPS human-mobility data for epidemic modeling

Nature Computational Science, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 4(6), P. 398 - 411

Published: June 19, 2024

Language: Английский

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Correlation Between Mask Compliance and COVID-19 Outcomes in Europe

Cureus, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: April 19, 2022

Masking was the single most common non-pharmaceutical intervention in course of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Most countries have implemented recommendations or mandates regarding use masks public spaces. The aim this short study to analyse correlation between mask usage against morbidity and mortality rates 2020-2021 winter Europe. Data from 35 European on morbidity, mortality, during a six-month period were analysed crossed. Mask more homogeneous Eastern Europe than Western countries. Spearman's coefficients COVID-19 outcomes either null positive, depending subgroup type outcome (cases deaths). Positive correlations stronger These findings indicate that with high levels compliance did not perform better those low usage.

Language: Английский

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The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mortality in people with dementia without COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BMC Geriatrics, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 22(1)

Published: Nov. 19, 2022

Abstract Introduction Significant mortality amongst vulnerable populations, such as people living with dementia, might go undetected during pandemic conditions due to refocus of care efforts. There is an urgent need fully evaluate the impact on dementia in order facilitate future healthcare reforms and prevent deaths. The purpose this study was determine whether there any significant difference without COVID-19 compared previous years. Methods A literature search conducted 5 databases. relative risk ratio confidence interval used estimate change rates pandemic. I 2 value assess heterogeneity, publication bias, sensitivity analyses were performed. Results Pooled analysis 11 studies showed that significantly increased for COVID-19. Mortality by 25% time period studied. Subgroup not performed low number included studies. Conclusions results suggest had a even if they did have People should participate efforts reduce general social spread system vaccinations, mask mandates, testing. These clinical implications preventing direct infection enough adequately protect from mortality. Measures limit infections help support patients also be focus clinicians. Further research identification mechanisms other explanations well contributing factors homes differences between countries various strategies.

Language: Английский

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Protective personal equipment on coastal environments: Identifying key drivers at a global scale

Journal of Hazardous Materials, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 468, P. 133839 - 133839

Published: Feb. 20, 2024

Language: Английский

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