Open Journal of Social Sciences,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
11(10), P. 340 - 363
Published: Jan. 1, 2023
Background:
The
global
effects
of
COVID-19
on
individuals
worsened
the
problem
self-medication
(SM),
a
driver
antimicrobial
resistance
(AMR).
In
Zambia,
there
is
little
information
documented
prevalence
SM
among
students
during
pandemic.
Aim:
This
study
assessed
and
associated
factors
healthcare
at
University
Zambia.
Materials
Methods:
descriptive
cross-sectional
was
conducted
323
using
structured
questionnaire.
Data
analysis
done
SPSS
version
23.0.
Statistical
significance
95%
confidence
level.
Binary
logistic
regression
used
to
determine
that
were
with
self-medication.
Results:
Of
participants,
51.4%
female
67.8%
from
program
pharmacy.
paracetamol
(36.5%),
azithromycin
(19.3%),
chlorpheniramine
(13.6%)
being
most
medicines.
common
conditions
experienced
included
headaches
(22.6%),
sneezing
(13.6%),
fever
(8.7%),
coughing/sneezing
(5.6%).
practices
due
fear
contracting
facilities
(21.4%),
time-consuming
(19.2%),
knowledge
medicines
acquired
in
school
(18.9%).
Older
students,
aged
between
34
50
years
less
likely
practice
compared
those
who
younger
(OR
=
0.068,
CI:
0.015
-
0.304).
Furthermore,
aware
more
than
not
32.866,
7.751
139.525).
Conclusion:
found
high
awareness
painkillers,
antibiotics,
anti-allergies
overused
treat
symptoms.
overuse
misuse
antibiotics
may
lead
resistance,
thus
need
promote
stewardship
even
universities.
There
rational
use
other
future
public
health
emergencies.
EClinicalMedicine,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
57, P. 101848 - 101848
Published: Feb. 6, 2023
Despite
bacterial
coinfection
rates
of
less
than
10%,
antibiotics
are
prescribed
to
an
estimated
75%
patients
with
COVID-19,
potentially
exacerbating
antimicrobial
resistance.
We
the
associations
COVID-19
cases
and
vaccinations
global
antibiotic
sales
during
first
two
years
pandemic.We
obtained
monthly
data
on
broad-spectrum
volumes
(cephalosporins,
penicillins,
macrolides,
tetracyclines)
in
71
countries
March
2020-May
2022
from
IQVIA
MIDAS®
database.
These
were
combined
country-month-level
case
vaccination
Our
World
Data.
used
least
squares
(pooled)
fixed-effects
panel
regression
models,
accounting
for
country
characteristics,
estimate
between
per
1000
people.Sales
all
four
fell
sharply
April
May
2020,
followed
by
a
gradual
rise
near
pre-pandemic
levels
through
2022.
In
10%
increase
was
associated
0.2%-0.3%
higher
cephalosporins,
0.4%-0.6%
0.3%
people.
Across
continents,
0.8%,
1.3%,
1.5%
macrolides
Europe,
North
America,
Africa
respectively.
Sales
other
across
continent
also
positively
cases,
although
smaller
magnitude.
No
consistent
observed
vaccinations.
Results
pooled
analysis
similar
those
models.Antibiotic
globally
2020-2022.
findings
underline
that
stewardship
context
remains
essential.Bill
&
Melinda
Gates
Foundation.
Antibiotics,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
11(12), P. 1824 - 1824
Published: Dec. 15, 2022
There
are
serious
concerns
with
rising
antimicrobial
resistance
(AMR)
across
countries
increasing
morbidity,
mortality
and
costs.
These
have
resulted
in
a
plethora
of
initiatives
globally
nationally
including
national
action
plans
(NAPs)
to
reduce
AMR.
Africa
is
no
exception,
especially
the
highest
rates
AMR
globally.
Key
activities
NAPs
include
gaining
greater
understanding
current
utilization
patterns
through
point
prevalence
surveys
(PPS)
subsequently
instigating
stewardship
programs
(ASPs).
Consequently,
there
need
comprehensively
document
among
hospitals
coupled
ASP
studies.
In
total,
33
PPS
studies
ranging
from
single
up
18
were
documented
narrative
review
typically
over
50%
in-patients
prescribed
antimicrobials,
97.6%
Nigeria.
The
penicillins,
ceftriaxone
metronidazole,
most
antibiotics.
Appreciable
extended
prescribing
antibiotics
6
days
or
more
post-operatively
was
seen
prevent
surgical
site
infections.
At
least
19
ASPs
been
instigated
recent
years
improve
future
utilizing
range
indicators.
various
findings
suggested
that
key
stakeholders,
governments
healthcare
professionals,
should
undertake
short,
medium
long
term
Africa.
Annals of Medicine and Surgery,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
82
Published: Aug. 27, 2022
Self-medication
association
with
an
ongoing
pandemic
is
evident
in
the
studies
conducted
throughout
world.
To
summarize
findings
of
previous
papers,
we
carried
out
a
systematic
review
to
observe
current
scenario
self-medication
during
COVID-19.Scopus,
Embase,
Web
Science,
PubMed,
MedRxiv
preprints,
SciELO
Preprints,
google,
and
google
scholar
were
searched
using
keywords
related
topic.
Studies
reporting
original
data
assessing
practices
Covid-19
included.A
total
660
papers
collected
14
cross-sectional
among
them
finalized
from
12
different
countries
after
apposite
screening
processes.
Our
study
measured
that
COVID-19
pandemic,
there
was
44.786%
prevalence
self-medication.
Analgesics,
antibiotics,
nutritional
supplements
commonly
practiced
drugs.
Pharmacy
hospital
outlets
main
sources
Fever,
sore
throat,
body
ache
(muscle
pain),
flu
or
cough
most
frequently
recorded
illnesses;
treatment
prevention
culprit
behind
During
COVID-19,
major
factors
associated
fear,
anxiety,
perception
regarding
COVID-19.
Thus,
this
rumors
immunity
boosters,
supplements,
financial
burden,
easy
accessibility
even
non-OTC
drugs;
all
have
their
fair
share
practices.As
heterogeneity
found
assessed
studies,
educating
general
people
about
safe
practices,
hazards
superfluous
drug
usage,
provision
affordable
quality-health
system
should
become
priority,
especially
low
middle-income
countries.
Frontiers in Public Health,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
11
Published: June 15, 2023
Since
the
COVID-19
pandemic,
self-medication
had
become
highly
popular
due
to
risk
of
virus
infection
and
overwhelming
medical
resources.
Pharmacists
are
well-positioned
provide
public
health
education
disease
prevention.
This
study
aims
an
overview
research
about
during
role
pharmacists
in
ensuring
drug
safety
related
self-medication.
BMC Infectious Diseases,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
22(1)
Published: July 23, 2022
The
role
of
ivermectin
in
the
treatment
COVID-19
is
still
under
debate,
yet
drug
has
been
widely
used
some
parts
world,
as
shown
by
impressive
market
data.
available
body
evidence
may
have
changed
over
last
months,
studies
retracted
and
"standards
care"
(SOC)
control
groups
with
rapidly
evolving
knowledge
on
COVID-19.
This
review
aims
to
summarize
critically
appraise
randomized
controlled
trials
(RCTs)
ivermectin,
assessing
clinical
outcomes
patients.RCTs
evaluating
effects
adult
patients
were
searched
through
June
22,
2022,
four
databases,
L.OVE
platform,
trial
registries
pre-prints
platforms.
Primary
endpoints
included
all-cause
mortality
invasive
ventilation
requirement.
Secondary
endpoint
was
occurrence
adverse
events.
Risk
bias
evaluated
using
Cochrane
Bias
2.0
tool.
Meta-analysis
only
which
compared
placebo
or
SOC.
Random-effects
pool
risk
ratios
(RRs)
individual
trials.
quality
GRADE.
protocol
register
PROSPERO
(CRD42021257471).Twenty-five
RCTs
fulfilled
inclusion
criteria
(n
=
6310).
Of
those,
14
placebo,
night
associated
SOC
two
an
active
comparator.
Most
had
concerns
high
bias,
mostly
due
lack
concealment
randomization
sequence
allocation,
blinding
number
missing
cases.
Ivermectin
did
not
show
effect
reducing
(RR
0.76;
95%CI:
0.52-1.11)
mechanical
0.74;
0.48-1.16).
consistent
when
comparing
vs.
SOC,
well
sensitivity
analysis.
Additionally,
there
very
low
regarding
1.07;
0.84-1.35).The
suggests
that
does
reduce
Although
we
observe
increase
effects,
uncertain
this
endpoint.
Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
13
Published: Jan. 1, 2022
During
the
COVID-19
pandemic,
behavior
of
self-medication
has
increased.
The
dissemination
misleading
information
regarding
efficacy
certain
drugs
or
substances
for
prevention
and
treatment
been
major
contributing
factor
this
phenomenon.
Alongside
with
increase
in
behavior,
inherent
risks
to
act
such
as
drug–drug
interactions,
adverse
events,
drug
toxicity,
masking
symptoms
have
also
Self-medication
context
led
misuse
leading
some
cases
development
fatal
reactions.
It
is
important
that
during
ongoing
pandemic
potential
clinical
against
are
adequately
analyzed
their
efficacy,
safety,
monitoring.
aim
review
describe
available
evidence
monitoring
shown
be
frequently
used
patients
(hydroxychloroquine,
non-steroidal
anti-inflammatory
drugs,
ivermectin,
azithromycin,
vitamins,
aspirin,
chlorine
dioxide)
characterize
risks,
safe
use,
strategies,
reinforce
concept
these
should
not
require
a
medical
prescription.
Plain
Language
Summary
Drug
safety
Dissemination
about
treatments
individuals
self-medicate
expose
themselves
side
effects,
antibiotic
resistance,
misdiagnosis.
There
need
literature
evaluate
commonly
by
population
SARS
CoV-2
infection.
In
review,
we
included
advertised
hydroxychloroquine,
dioxide,
among
others.
A
brief
introduction
its
mechanism
action,
followed
summary
will
described
each
order
promote
responsible
use.
BMC Public Health,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
23(1)
Published: Jan. 27, 2023
Abstract
Background
The
novel
coronavirus
pandemic
(COVID-19)
has
begun
with
a
wave
of
misinformation
and
fear
infection.
This
may
have
led
people
to
self-medicate
inappropriately.
World
Health
Organization
describes
self-medication
(SM)
as
utilizing
medicines
relieve
symptoms
or
health
conditions
without
consulting
physician.
Inappropriate
drug
use
is
burden
on
both
resources
patient
in
the
Arab
region.
study
aimed
detect
prevalence
influencing
factors
among
general
population
during
COVID-19
pandemic.
Methods
A
multinational
cross-sectional
was
conducted
ten
countries
from
early
August
late
October
2021.
Participants
aged
18
years
older
could
join
via
social
media
platforms.
convenience
sampling
technique
used.
developed
validated
web-based
questionnaire
used
collect
data
practice,
associated
factors,
information
sources,
commonly
medications,
treated
conditions.
Descriptive,
univariate,
multivariate
regression
analyses
were
applied
using
IBM
SPSS
v
26
R
4.0.0
software.
Results
total
8163
participants
completed
questionnaire,
518
excluded
analysis
due
inconsistencies
their
data.
Almost
two-thirds
(62.7%)
reported
practicing
At
country
level,
Egypt
had
highest
practice
(72.1%),
while
Palestine
lowest
(40.4%).
most
drugs
analgesics,
antipyretics,
vitamins
(86,
65.1,
57.1%,
respectively),
antitussives
antibiotics
scored
47.6
43.3%,
respectively.
Experience
similar
(74.6%)
urgency
problem
(47.2%)
frequent
that
self-medication.
Additionally,
38.2%
self-medicated
(SMPs)
prophylaxis
against
COVID-19.
Pharmacist
consultation
common
source
about
(66.7%).
Multivariate
showed
predictors
age
(
p
=
0.008),
presence
chronic
illness
0.015),
having
monthly
income
medical
insurance
does
not
cover
treatment
cost
0.001,
<
respectively).
Conclusion
Self-medication
considered
across
population.
It
necessary
regulate
policies
raise
awareness
public
Heliyon,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
10(7), P. e28369 - e28369
Published: March 22, 2024
BackgroundThe
worldwide
community
has
shown
significant
interest
in
researching
the
management
of
Long
COVID.
However,
there
is
scarce
evidence
about
daily
experiences
people
living
with
COVID
and
their
insights
into
healthcare
services
provided
to
them.AimsThis
study
aims
understand
experience
sufferers
symptoms
accessing
health
services.MethodWe
employed
Charmaz's
grounded
theory
methodology,
informed
by
constructivism,
applied
COREQ
guidelines
for
qualitative
research.
Sixty-six
Brazilians
participated
study.
The
data
was
collected
using
semi-structured
telephone
interviews
analyzed
a
constant
comparative
process.FindingsThe
findings
refer
firstly
consequences
persistent
symptoms.
Secondly,
they
describe
how
disease
trajectory
required
reorganize
routines
develop
adaptive
strategies.
Lastly,
reflect
diverse
array
both
positive
negative
interactions
inside
system
conveyed
individuals
suffering
from
These
elements
converge
towards
core
category
study:
"The
limbo
sufferers:
between
persistence
access
services".ConclusionsLong
characterized
its
varied
nature,
including
range
physical
emotional
repercussions
experienced
individuals.
There
need
enhanced
comprehension
discourse
across
several
domains,
general
public,
policy-making
entities,
professionals.
In
this
sense,
development
specialized
or
reinforcement
existing
support
long
imperative.
Antibiotics,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
11(4), P. 437 - 437
Published: March 24, 2022
The
multiplex
PCR
is
a
powerful
and
efficient
tool
that
was
widely
used
during
the
COVID-19
pandemic
to
diagnose
SARS-CoV-2
infections
has
applications
for
bacterial
identification,
as
well
determining
resistance
antibiotics.
Therefore,
this
study
aimed
determine
usability
of
PCR,
especially
in
patients
self-medicated
with
antibiotics,
where
cultures
often
give
false-negative
results.
A
cross-sectional
developed
two
units,
489
eligible
were
included
antibiotic
takers
non-antibiotic
takers.
Antibiotic
mostly
over-the-counter
medication;
they
suffered
significantly
more
chronic
respiratory
conditions
most
cephalosporins
(41.4%),
macrolide
(23.2%),
penicillin
(19.7%).
disease
severity
these
higher
than
takers,
superinfections
common
finding
same
group
(63.6%).
had
longer
hospital
ICU
admissions,
although
mortality
rate
not
bacteria
involved
secondary
Staphylococcus
aureus
(22.2%),
Pseudomonas
aeruginosa
(27.8%),
Klebsiellaspp
(25.0%).
Patients
self-medicating
antibiotics
rates
multidrug
resistance.
test
accurate
identifying
resulted
quicker
initiation
therapeutic
compared
instances
culture
initially
performed,
an
average
26.8
h
vs.
40.4
h,
respectively.
stay
also
shorter
by
2.5
days
when
initial
assessment
infections.
When
adjusted
age,
severity,
pulmonary
disease,
use
represented
significant
independent
risk
factor
prolonged
hospitalization
(AOR
=
1.21).
Similar
findings
observed
smoking
status
1.44),
superinfection
1.52),
performing
only
conventional
1.17),
duration
48
sampling
from
time
admission
1.36).
Multiplex
may
be
very
effective
method
diagnosing
individuals
Utilizing
strategy
screen
who
exhibit
signs
sepsis
clinical
deterioration
will
result
faster
recovery
period
hospitalization.
Patient Preference and Adherence,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
Volume 16, P. 2247 - 2257
Published: Aug. 1, 2022
Self-medication
has
become
a
serious
public
health
problem
posing
great
risks,
especially
with
the
increasing
number
of
cases
COVID-19
disease
globally
and
in
Uganda.
This
may
be
partly
because
absence
recognized
treatment
for
disease,
however,
differing
prevalence
nature
from
country
to
influence
human
behavioral
responses.This
study
aimed
investigate
response
self-medication
practices
during
pandemic
lockdown
comparison
pre-COVID
period
Western
Uganda.A
descriptive
cross-sectional
survey
was
conducted
June
August
2020
western
Uganda
using
online
Google
forms
printed
questionnaires
level
practice
before
pandemic.
included
280
participants,
aged
18
above
who
consented
participate
study.
Participants
were
selected
convenience
sampling
technique,
done
by
sending
structured
questionnaire
via
participants
did
not
use
forms.Respondents
that
knew
about
97%
272
participants.
Those
are
aware
self-medication,
have
heard
it
either
through
different
avenues.
Respondents
practiced
239
(88%);
those
156
(57%);
115
(43%).
There
statistically
significant
decrease
respondents
compared
lockdown.
p
<
0.05
at
95%
confidence
interval
(OR
=
5.39,
CI
3.48,
8.32).Our
investigation
showed
adequate
knowledge
high