Global antibiotic use during the COVID-19 pandemic: analysis of pharmaceutical sales data from 71 countries, 2020–2022

EClinicalMedicine, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 57, P. 101848 - 101848

Published: Feb. 6, 2023

Despite bacterial coinfection rates of less than 10%, antibiotics are prescribed to an estimated 75% patients with COVID-19, potentially exacerbating antimicrobial resistance. We the associations COVID-19 cases and vaccinations global antibiotic sales during first two years pandemic.We obtained monthly data on broad-spectrum volumes (cephalosporins, penicillins, macrolides, tetracyclines) in 71 countries March 2020-May 2022 from IQVIA MIDAS® database. These were combined country-month-level case vaccination Our World Data. used least squares (pooled) fixed-effects panel regression models, accounting for country characteristics, estimate between per 1000 people.Sales all four fell sharply April May 2020, followed by a gradual rise near pre-pandemic levels through 2022. In 10% increase was associated 0.2%-0.3% higher cephalosporins, 0.4%-0.6% 0.3% people. Across continents, 0.8%, 1.3%, 1.5% macrolides Europe, North America, Africa respectively. Sales other across continent also positively cases, although smaller magnitude. No consistent observed vaccinations. Results pooled analysis similar those models.Antibiotic globally 2020-2022. findings underline that stewardship context remains essential.Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Language: Английский

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Ongoing Efforts to Improve Antimicrobial Utilization in Hospitals among African Countries and Implications for the Future

Antibiotics, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 11(12), P. 1824 - 1824

Published: Dec. 15, 2022

There are serious concerns with rising antimicrobial resistance (AMR) across countries increasing morbidity, mortality and costs. These have resulted in a plethora of initiatives globally nationally including national action plans (NAPs) to reduce AMR. Africa is no exception, especially the highest rates AMR globally. Key activities NAPs include gaining greater understanding current utilization patterns through point prevalence surveys (PPS) subsequently instigating stewardship programs (ASPs). Consequently, there need comprehensively document among hospitals coupled ASP studies. In total, 33 PPS studies ranging from single up 18 were documented narrative review typically over 50% in-patients prescribed antimicrobials, 97.6% Nigeria. The penicillins, ceftriaxone metronidazole, most antibiotics. Appreciable extended prescribing antibiotics 6 days or more post-operatively was seen prevent surgical site infections. At least 19 ASPs been instigated recent years improve future utilizing range indicators. various findings suggested that key stakeholders, governments healthcare professionals, should undertake short, medium long term Africa.

Language: Английский

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The scenario of self-medication practices during the covid-19 pandemic; a systematic review

Annals of Medicine and Surgery, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 82

Published: Aug. 27, 2022

Self-medication association with an ongoing pandemic is evident in the studies conducted throughout world. To summarize findings of previous papers, we carried out a systematic review to observe current scenario self-medication during COVID-19.Scopus, Embase, Web Science, PubMed, MedRxiv preprints, SciELO Preprints, google, and google scholar were searched using keywords related topic. Studies reporting original data assessing practices Covid-19 included.A total 660 papers collected 14 cross-sectional among them finalized from 12 different countries after apposite screening processes. Our study measured that COVID-19 pandemic, there was 44.786% prevalence self-medication. Analgesics, antibiotics, nutritional supplements commonly practiced drugs. Pharmacy hospital outlets main sources Fever, sore throat, body ache (muscle pain), flu or cough most frequently recorded illnesses; treatment prevention culprit behind During COVID-19, major factors associated fear, anxiety, perception regarding COVID-19. Thus, this rumors immunity boosters, supplements, financial burden, easy accessibility even non-OTC drugs; all have their fair share practices.As heterogeneity found assessed studies, educating general people about safe practices, hazards superfluous drug usage, provision affordable quality-health system should become priority, especially low middle-income countries.

Language: Английский

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A systematic review of self-medication practice during the COVID-19 pandemic: implications for pharmacy practice in supporting public health measures

Frontiers in Public Health, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 11

Published: June 15, 2023

Since the COVID-19 pandemic, self-medication had become highly popular due to risk of virus infection and overwhelming medical resources. Pharmacists are well-positioned provide public health education disease prevention. This study aims an overview research about during role pharmacists in ensuring drug safety related self-medication.

Language: Английский

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Systematic review and meta-analysis of ivermectin for treatment of COVID-19: evidence beyond the hype

BMC Infectious Diseases, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 22(1)

Published: July 23, 2022

The role of ivermectin in the treatment COVID-19 is still under debate, yet drug has been widely used some parts world, as shown by impressive market data. available body evidence may have changed over last months, studies retracted and "standards care" (SOC) control groups with rapidly evolving knowledge on COVID-19. This review aims to summarize critically appraise randomized controlled trials (RCTs) ivermectin, assessing clinical outcomes patients.RCTs evaluating effects adult patients were searched through June 22, 2022, four databases, L.OVE platform, trial registries pre-prints platforms. Primary endpoints included all-cause mortality invasive ventilation requirement. Secondary endpoint was occurrence adverse events. Risk bias evaluated using Cochrane Bias 2.0 tool. Meta-analysis only which compared placebo or SOC. Random-effects pool risk ratios (RRs) individual trials. quality GRADE. protocol register PROSPERO (CRD42021257471).Twenty-five RCTs fulfilled inclusion criteria (n = 6310). Of those, 14 placebo, night associated SOC two an active comparator. Most had concerns high bias, mostly due lack concealment randomization sequence allocation, blinding number missing cases. Ivermectin did not show effect reducing (RR 0.76; 95%CI: 0.52-1.11) mechanical 0.74; 0.48-1.16). consistent when comparing vs. SOC, well sensitivity analysis. Additionally, there very low regarding 1.07; 0.84-1.35).The suggests that does reduce Although we observe increase effects, uncertain this endpoint.

Language: Английский

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Drug safety of frequently used drugs and substances for self-medication in COVID-19

Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 13

Published: Jan. 1, 2022

During the COVID-19 pandemic, behavior of self-medication has increased. The dissemination misleading information regarding efficacy certain drugs or substances for prevention and treatment been major contributing factor this phenomenon. Alongside with increase in behavior, inherent risks to act such as drug–drug interactions, adverse events, drug toxicity, masking symptoms have also Self-medication context led misuse leading some cases development fatal reactions. It is important that during ongoing pandemic potential clinical against are adequately analyzed their efficacy, safety, monitoring. aim review describe available evidence monitoring shown be frequently used patients (hydroxychloroquine, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, ivermectin, azithromycin, vitamins, aspirin, chlorine dioxide) characterize risks, safe use, strategies, reinforce concept these should not require a medical prescription. Plain Language Summary Drug safety Dissemination about treatments individuals self-medicate expose themselves side effects, antibiotic resistance, misdiagnosis. There need literature evaluate commonly by population SARS CoV-2 infection. In review, we included advertised hydroxychloroquine, dioxide, among others. A brief introduction its mechanism action, followed summary will described each order promote responsible use.

Language: Английский

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Prevalence and influencing factors of self-medication during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Arab region: a multinational cross-sectional study

BMC Public Health, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 23(1)

Published: Jan. 27, 2023

Abstract Background The novel coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) has begun with a wave of misinformation and fear infection. This may have led people to self-medicate inappropriately. World Health Organization describes self-medication (SM) as utilizing medicines relieve symptoms or health conditions without consulting physician. Inappropriate drug use is burden on both resources patient in the Arab region. study aimed detect prevalence influencing factors among general population during COVID-19 pandemic. Methods A multinational cross-sectional was conducted ten countries from early August late October 2021. Participants aged 18 years older could join via social media platforms. convenience sampling technique used. developed validated web-based questionnaire used collect data practice, associated factors, information sources, commonly medications, treated conditions. Descriptive, univariate, multivariate regression analyses were applied using IBM SPSS v 26 R 4.0.0 software. Results total 8163 participants completed questionnaire, 518 excluded analysis due inconsistencies their data. Almost two-thirds (62.7%) reported practicing At country level, Egypt had highest practice (72.1%), while Palestine lowest (40.4%). most drugs analgesics, antipyretics, vitamins (86, 65.1, 57.1%, respectively), antitussives antibiotics scored 47.6 43.3%, respectively. Experience similar (74.6%) urgency problem (47.2%) frequent that self-medication. Additionally, 38.2% self-medicated (SMPs) prophylaxis against COVID-19. Pharmacist consultation common source about (66.7%). Multivariate showed predictors age ( p = 0.008), presence chronic illness 0.015), having monthly income medical insurance does not cover treatment cost 0.001, < respectively). Conclusion Self-medication considered across population. It necessary regulate policies raise awareness public

Language: Английский

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Managing long COVID symptoms and accessing health services in Brazil: A grounded theory analysis

Heliyon, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 10(7), P. e28369 - e28369

Published: March 22, 2024

BackgroundThe worldwide community has shown significant interest in researching the management of Long COVID. However, there is scarce evidence about daily experiences people living with COVID and their insights into healthcare services provided to them.AimsThis study aims understand experience sufferers symptoms accessing health services.MethodWe employed Charmaz's grounded theory methodology, informed by constructivism, applied COREQ guidelines for qualitative research. Sixty-six Brazilians participated study. The data was collected using semi-structured telephone interviews analyzed a constant comparative process.FindingsThe findings refer firstly consequences persistent symptoms. Secondly, they describe how disease trajectory required reorganize routines develop adaptive strategies. Lastly, reflect diverse array both positive negative interactions inside system conveyed individuals suffering from These elements converge towards core category study: "The limbo sufferers: between persistence access services".ConclusionsLong characterized its varied nature, including range physical emotional repercussions experienced individuals. There need enhanced comprehension discourse across several domains, general public, policy-making entities, professionals. In this sense, development specialized or reinforcement existing support long imperative.

Language: Английский

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The Impact of Multiplex PCR in Diagnosing and Managing Bacterial Infections in COVID-19 Patients Self-Medicated with Antibiotics

Antibiotics, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 11(4), P. 437 - 437

Published: March 24, 2022

The multiplex PCR is a powerful and efficient tool that was widely used during the COVID-19 pandemic to diagnose SARS-CoV-2 infections has applications for bacterial identification, as well determining resistance antibiotics. Therefore, this study aimed determine usability of PCR, especially in patients self-medicated with antibiotics, where cultures often give false-negative results. A cross-sectional developed two units, 489 eligible were included antibiotic takers non-antibiotic takers. Antibiotic mostly over-the-counter medication; they suffered significantly more chronic respiratory conditions most cephalosporins (41.4%), macrolide (23.2%), penicillin (19.7%). disease severity these higher than takers, superinfections common finding same group (63.6%). had longer hospital ICU admissions, although mortality rate not bacteria involved secondary Staphylococcus aureus (22.2%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (27.8%), Klebsiellaspp (25.0%). Patients self-medicating antibiotics rates multidrug resistance. test accurate identifying resulted quicker initiation therapeutic compared instances culture initially performed, an average 26.8 h vs. 40.4 h, respectively. stay also shorter by 2.5 days when initial assessment infections. When adjusted age, severity, pulmonary disease, use represented significant independent risk factor prolonged hospitalization (AOR = 1.21). Similar findings observed smoking status 1.44), superinfection 1.52), performing only conventional 1.17), duration 48 sampling from time admission 1.36). Multiplex may be very effective method diagnosing individuals Utilizing strategy screen who exhibit signs sepsis clinical deterioration will result faster recovery period hospitalization.

Language: Английский

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Behavioural Response To Self-Medication Practice Before and During Covid-19 Pandemic in Western Uganda

Patient Preference and Adherence, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: Volume 16, P. 2247 - 2257

Published: Aug. 1, 2022

Self-medication has become a serious public health problem posing great risks, especially with the increasing number of cases COVID-19 disease globally and in Uganda. This may be partly because absence recognized treatment for disease, however, differing prevalence nature from country to influence human behavioral responses.This study aimed investigate response self-medication practices during pandemic lockdown comparison pre-COVID period Western Uganda.A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted June August 2020 western Uganda using online Google forms printed questionnaires level practice before pandemic. included 280 participants, aged 18 above who consented participate study. Participants were selected convenience sampling technique, done by sending structured questionnaire via participants did not use forms.Respondents that knew about 97% 272 participants. Those are aware self-medication, have heard it either through different avenues. Respondents practiced 239 (88%); those 156 (57%); 115 (43%). There statistically significant decrease respondents compared lockdown. p < 0.05 at 95% confidence interval (OR = 5.39, CI 3.48, 8.32).Our investigation showed adequate knowledge high

Language: Английский

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