Optimal Protection Coordination for Grid-Connected and Islanded Microgrids Assisted by the Crow Search Algorithm: Application of Dual-Setting Overcurrent Relays and Fault Current Limiters

Energies, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 18(7), P. 1601 - 1601

Published: March 23, 2025

This paper introduces a two-stage protection coordination framework designed for grid-connected and islanded microgrids (MGs) that integrate distributed generations (DGs) energy storage systems (ESSs). The first stage focuses on determining the optimal location sizing of DGs ESSs within MG to ensure stable reliable operation. objective is minimize combined annual investment expected operational costs while adhering power flow equations governing MG, which incorporates both ESSs. To account inherent uncertainties in load DG generation, scenario-based stochastic programming (SBSP) used model these variations effectively. second develops strategy MGs, aiming achieve rapid efficient protective response. achieved by optimizing settings dual-setting overcurrent relays (DSORs) appropriate fault current limiters (FCLs), using data from MG’s daily performance. goal total operating time DSORs primary backup modes respecting critical constraints such as interval (CTI) limits FCLs. solve this complex optimization problem, Crow Search Algorithm (CSA) employed, ensuring derivation effective solutions. implemented 9-bus 32-bus demonstrating its practical applicability evaluating effectiveness real-world scenarios. proposed method achieves an relay operation 1041.36 s 1282 MG. Additionally, results indicate reduction maximum voltage deviation 0.0073 p.u. (grid-connected mode) 0.0038 (islanded decrease loss 1.0114 MWh 0.9435 MWh. CSA solver outperforms conventional methods, achieving standard 1.13% 1.21% two stages, high reliability computational efficiency. work not only provides valuable insights into but also contributes broader effort enhancing economic viability microgrid systems, are becoming increasingly vital sustainable solutions modern grids.

Language: Английский

Coordination of protection and operation in micro-grids with inverter based distributed generation using SAOA

PLoS ONE, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 19(10), P. e0311584 - e0311584

Published: Oct. 10, 2024

In the proposed protection coordination scheme, depreciation of operation time entire relay in primary and backup modes for all possible fault locations is considered as objective function. The limitations this problem include equations calculating relays both forward reverse directions, limitation interval, setting parameters relays, restriction size reactance that limits current, standing distributed generation per small signal fault. depends on short circuit current passing through them, so it necessary to calculate network variables before occurs. For purpose, optimal daily power distribution should be used micro-grid, because micro-grids consist storage renewable resources. plan includes uncertainties consumption capacity Then, achieve a reliable answer with low standard deviation, refrigeration optimization algorithm solve problem. Finally, design implemented test system MATLAB software, then capabilities are examined.

Language: Английский