Sex Differences in Upper‐ and Lower‐Limb Muscle Strength in Children and Adolescents: A Meta‐Analysis

European Journal of Sport Science, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 25(5)

Published: April 5, 2025

ABSTRACT On average, adult men are physically stronger than women. The magnitude of this difference depends on the muscle tested, with larger sex differences observed in upper‐ lower‐limb muscles. Whether body region‐specific strength exist children is unclear. purpose current meta‐analysis was to determine whether and adolescents differ between Data were extracted from studies participants aged ≤ 17 years who completed tests maximal isometric or isokinetic upper‐limb muscles (e.g., elbow flexors extensors) knee extensors ankle dorsiflexors). Participants partitioned into three age groups: 5–10 old, 11–13 14–17 old. analysis included 299 effects 34 studies. total sample 6634 (3497 boys 3137 girls). Effect sizes g = 0.65 (95% confidence intervals (CI) [0.46, 0.84]) 0.34 CI [0.19, 0.50]) 5–10‐year‐olds; 0.73 [0.56, 0.91]) 0.43 [0.27, 0.59]) 11–13‐year olds; 1.84 [1.64, 2.03]) 1.18 [1.00, 1.37]) 14–17‐year‐olds. Upper‐ 17% 8% greater girls when 18% 10% 50% 30% Thus, average. This exists before puberty, increases markedly male more pronounced throughout development.

Language: Английский

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Author’s response to “letter to the editor comment on: ‘A unique pseudo-eligibility analysis of longitudinal laboratory performance Data from a transgender female competitive cyclist’” by Lundberg, O’Connor, Kirk, Pollock, and Brown

Deleted Journal, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Nov. 28, 2024

Longitudinal Laboratory Performance Data from a Transgender Female Competitive Cyclist [3]".While this critique presents itself as scientific, it seems to be driven more by subjective opinion for the reasons we set out below. TerminologyRegarding authors' key argument that sex is binary, important note idea widely disputed in modern scientific literature.For example, King [4] has stated not simple binary concept, citing numerous chromosomal variations and biological complexities contribute athletes with variation classification.Fausto-Sterling [5] Massa [6] further emphasise may understood spectrum.By considering these perspectives, authors of letter present one-sided could mislead readers overlook nuances needed balanced debate on topic.In title our cycling paper [3], [1] claims terminology used confusing, particularly distinction between "transgender female" woman."However, confusing readers, nor unclear itself.The clearly states pseudo-eligibility analysis transgender female cyclist, competing at elite or grassroots levels.'Female' 'woman' are often interchangeably, extended discussion language adds little value critique.We, also disprove suggestion use negative such "trans-identifying male [1]", represents misgendering people can cause harm [7]. Regarding comparison groupsThe opportunity address concerns raised regarding groups previous work [2] utilised sub-elite woman cyclist [3] appreciated.To clarify, all cisgender

Language: Английский

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Comment on: “A unique pseudo-eligibility analysis of longitudinal laboratory performance data from a transgender female competitive cyclist”

Deleted Journal, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Dec. 3, 2024

Language: Английский

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Beyond the Olympic and Paralympic games

Deleted Journal, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 1(2), P. 103 - 104

Published: July 1, 2024

Language: Английский

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