Cerebrospinal
fluid
(CSF)
flowing
through
periarterial
spaces
is
integral
to
the
brain’s
mechanism
for
clearing
metabolic
waste
products.
Experiments
that
track
tracer
particles
injected
into
cisterna
magna
(CM)
of
mouse
brains
have
shown
evidence
pulsatile
CSF
flow
in
perivascular
surrounding
pial
arteries,
with
a
bulk
same
direction
as
blood
flow.
However,
driving
remains
elusive.
Several
studies
suggested
might
be
an
artifact,
driven
by
injection
itself.
Here,
we
address
this
hypothesis
new
vivo
experiments
where
are
CM
using
dual-syringe
system,
simultaneous
and
withdrawal
equal
amounts
fluid.
This
method
produces
no
net
increase
volume
significant
intracranial
pressure.
Yet,
particle-tracking
reveals
flows
consistent
all
respects
observed
earlier
single-syringe
injection.
Science,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
370(6512), P. 50 - 56
Published: Oct. 2, 2020
Sleep
is
evolutionarily
conserved
across
all
species,
and
impaired
sleep
a
common
trait
of
the
diseased
brain.
quality
decreases
as
we
age,
disruption
regular
architecture
frequent
antecedent
to
onset
dementia
in
neurodegenerative
diseases.
The
glymphatic
system,
which
clears
brain
protein
waste
products,
mostly
active
during
sleep.
Yet
system
degrades
with
suggesting
causal
relationship
between
disturbance
symptomatic
progression
dementias.
ties
that
bind
sleep,
aging,
clearance,
aggregation
have
shed
new
light
on
pathogenesis
broad
range
diseases,
for
failure
may
constitute
therapeutically
targetable
final
pathway.
Physiological Reviews,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
102(2), P. 1025 - 1151
Published: May 5, 2021
The
brain
harbors
a
unique
ability
to,
figuratively
speaking,
shift
its
gears.
During
wakefulness,
the
is
geared
fully
toward
processing
information
and
behaving,
while
homeostatic
functions
predominate
during
sleep.
blood-brain
barrier
establishes
stable
environment
that
optimal
for
neuronal
function,
yet
imposes
physiological
problem;
transcapillary
filtration
forms
extracellular
fluid
in
other
organs
reduced
to
minimum
brain.
Consequently,
depends
on
special
[the
cerebrospinal
(CSF)]
flushed
into
along
perivascular
spaces
created
by
astrocytic
vascular
endfeet.
We
describe
this
pathway,
coined
term
glymphatic
system,
based
dependency
endfeet
their
adluminal
expression
of
aquaporin-4
water
channels
facing
CSF-filled
spaces.
Glymphatic
clearance
potentially
harmful
metabolic
or
protein
waste
products,
such
as
amyloid-β,
primarily
active
sleep,
when
drivers,
cardiac
cycle,
respiration,
slow
vasomotion,
together
efficiently
propel
CSF
inflow
periarterial
brain's
space
contains
an
abundance
proteoglycans
hyaluronan,
which
provide
low-resistance
hydraulic
conduit
rapidly
can
expand
shrink
sleep-wake
cycle.
system
brain,
meets
requisites
maintain
homeostasis
similar
peripheral
organs,
considering
blood-brain-barrier
paths
formation
egress
CSF.
NeuroImage,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
238, P. 118257 - 118257
Published: June 10, 2021
Few
studies
have
focused
on
the
connection
between
glymphatic
dysfunction
and
cerebral
small
vessel
disease
(CSVD),
partially
due
to
lack
of
non-invasive
methods
measure
function.
We
established
modified
index
for
diffusion
tensor
image
analysis
along
perivascular
space
(mALPS-index),
which
was
calculated
(DTI),
compared
it
with
classical
detection
clearance
function
Glymphatic
MRI
after
intrathecal
administration
gadolinium
(study
1),
analyzed
relationship
CSVD
imaging
markers
mALPS-index
in
patients
from
CIRCLE
study
(ClinicalTrials.gov
ID:
NCT03542734)
2).
Among
39
included
1,
were
significantly
related
(
r
=
-0.772~-0.844,
p
<
0.001).
A
total
330
2.
Severer
periventricular
deep
white
matter
hyperintensities
(β
-0.332,
0.001;
β
-0.293,
0.001),
number
lacunas
-0.215,
microbleeds
-0.152,
0.005),
severer
enlarged
spaces
basal
ganglia
-0.223,
0.001)
mALPS-index.
Our
results
indicated
that
might
represent
function,
could
be
applied
clinic
future.
play
a
role
development
CSVD.
iScience,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
25(9), P. 104987 - 104987
Published: Aug. 20, 2022
We
review
theoretical
and
numerical
models
of
the
glymphatic
system,
which
circulates
cerebrospinal
fluid
interstitial
around
brain,
facilitating
solute
transport.
Models
enable
hypothesis
development
predictions
transport,
with
clinical
applications
including
drug
delivery,
stroke,
cardiac
arrest,
neurodegenerative
disorders
like
Alzheimer's
disease.
sort
existing
into
broad
categories
by
anatomical
function:
Perivascular
flow,
transport
in
brain
parenchyma,
interfaces
to
perivascular
spaces,
efflux
routes,
links
neuronal
activity.
Needs
opportunities
for
future
work
are
highlighted
wherever
possible;
new
models,
expanded
novel
experiments
inform
could
all
have
tremendous
value
advancing
field.
Neurological Research and Practice,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
3(1)
Published: Jan. 19, 2021
Abstract
Lacking
conventional
lymphatic
system,
the
central
nervous
system
requires
alternative
clearance
systems,
such
as
glymphatic
which
promotes
of
interstitial
solutes.
Aquaporin-4
water
channels
(AQP4)
are
an
integral
part
this
and
related
to
neuropathologies,
Alzheimer’s
disease
(AD).
The
associated
proteins
amyloid
β
tau
is
diminished
by
impairment,
due
lack
AQP4.
Even
though
AQP4
mislocalisation
(which
affects
its
activity)
a
phenotype
AD,
it
remains
controversial
topic,
still
unclear
if
phenotype-promoting
factor
or
consequence
pathology.
This
review
provides
important
updated
knowledge
about
itself,
their
link
with
disease.
Finally,
therapeutic
target
proposed
ameliorate
Disease
other
neuropathologies
AQP4-related.
Hypertension,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
80(1), P. 22 - 34
Published: Oct. 5, 2022
Hypertension
affects
a
significant
proportion
of
the
adult
and
aging
population
represents
an
important
risk
factor
for
vascular
cognitive
impairment
late-life
dementia.
Chronic
high
blood
pressure
continuously
challenges
structural
functional
integrity
cerebral
vasculature,
leading
to
microvascular
rarefaction
dysfunction,
neurovascular
uncoupling
that
typically
impairs
supply.
disrupts
blood-brain
barrier
integrity,
promotes
neuroinflammation,
may
contribute
amyloid
deposition
Alzheimer
pathology.
The
mechanisms
underlying
these
harmful
effects
are
still
focus
investigation,
but
studies
in
animal
models
have
provided
molecular
cellular
mechanistic
insights.
Remaining
questions
relate
whether
adequate
treatment
hypertension
prevent
deterioration
function,
threshold
treatment,
most
effective
antihypertensive
drugs.
Recent
advances
biology,
advanced
brain
imaging,
detection
subtle
behavioral
phenotypes
begun
provide
insights
into
critical
issues.
Importantly,
parallel
analysis
parameters
humans
is
feasible,
making
it
possible
foster
translational
advancements.
In
this
review,
we
evaluation
evidence
available
experimental
examine
progress
made
identify
remaining
gaps
knowledge.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
22(14), P. 7491 - 7491
Published: July 13, 2021
The
glymphatic
system
is
a
fluid-transport
that
accesses
all
regions
of
the
brain.
It
facilitates
exchange
cerebrospinal
fluid
and
interstitial
clears
waste
from
metabolically
active
Astrocytic
endfeet
their
dense
expression
aquaporin-4
water
channels
promote
between
perivascular
spaces
neuropil.
Cerebrospinal
fluids
are
together
transported
back
to
vascular
compartment
by
meningeal
cervical
lymphatic
vessels.
Multiple
lines
work
show
neurological
diseases
in
general
impair
transport.
Insofar
as
plays
pseudo-lymphatic
role
central
nervous
system,
it
poised
play
neuroinflammation.
In
this
review,
we
discuss
how
association
with
vessel
calls
for
renewal
established
concepts
on
CNS
an
immune-privileged
site.
We
also
potential
approaches
target
combat
