Elementa Science of the Anthropocene,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
10(1)
Published: Jan. 1, 2022
We
present
an
annual
characterization
of
low-level
jets
(LLJs)
over
the
Arctic
Ocean
using
wind
profiles
from
radiosondes
launched
during
Multidisciplinary
drifting
Observatory
for
Study
Climate
expedition,
October
2019
through
September
2020.
Our
results
show
LLJs
to
be
common
throughout
entire
year,
with
a
mean
frequency
occurrence
more
than
40%,
typical
height
below
400
m,
peaking
at
120–180
and
speed
between
6
14
m
s–1.
Jet
characteristics
some
seasonal
variability:
During
winter
freeze-up
period,
they
are
faster,
average
55%
speeds
8–16
s–1,
while
in
summer
transition
have
46%
6–10
They
similar
all
peak
120
180
m.
The
ERA5
reanalysis
shows
occurrence,
but
75
high
bias
altitude,
small,
0.28
slow
speed.
biases
greater
130
is
year.
Examining
full
year
whole
Ocean,
we
find
that
depends
strongly
on
both
season
distance
sea-ice
edge.
Elementa Science of the Anthropocene,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
10(1)
Published: Jan. 1, 2022
With
the
Arctic
rapidly
changing,
needs
to
observe,
understand,
and
model
changes
are
essential.
To
support
these
needs,
an
annual
cycle
of
observations
atmospheric
properties,
processes,
interactions
were
made
while
drifting
with
sea
ice
across
central
during
Multidisciplinary
Observatory
for
Study
Climate
(MOSAiC)
expedition
from
October
2019
September
2020.
An
international
team
designed
implemented
comprehensive
program
document
characterize
all
aspects
system
in
unprecedented
detail,
using
a
variety
approaches,
multiple
scales.
These
measurements
coordinated
other
observational
teams
explore
cross-cutting
coupled
Ocean,
ice,
ecosystem
through
physical
biogeochemical
processes.
This
overview
outlines
breadth
complexity
research
program,
which
was
organized
into
4
subgroups:
state,
clouds
precipitation,
gases
aerosols,
energy
budgets.
Atmospheric
variability
over
revealed
important
influences
persistent
large-scale
winter
circulation
pattern,
leading
some
storms
pressure
winds
that
outside
interquartile
range
past
conditions
suggested
by
long-term
reanalysis.
Similarly,
MOSAiC
location
warmer
wetter
summer
than
reanalysis
climatology,
part
due
its
close
proximity
edge.
The
comprehensiveness
characterizing
analyzing
phenomena
is
demonstrated
via
case
study
examining
air
mass
transitions
vertical
evolution.
Overall,
successfully
met
objectives
most
measurement
date
conducted
ice.
obtained
data
will
broad
coupled-system
scientific
provide
foundation
advancing
multiscale
modeling
capabilities
Arctic.
Elementa Science of the Anthropocene,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
10(1)
Published: Jan. 1, 2022
Arctic
Ocean
properties
and
processes
are
highly
relevant
to
the
regional
global
coupled
climate
system,
yet
still
scarcely
observed,
especially
in
winter.
Team
OCEAN
conducted
a
full
year
of
physical
oceanography
observations
as
part
Multidisciplinary
drifting
Observatory
for
Study
Climate
(MOSAiC),
drift
with
sea
ice
from
October
2019
September
2020.
An
international
team
designed
implemented
program
characterize
system
unprecedented
detail,
seafloor
air-sea
ice-ocean
interface,
sub-mesoscales
pan-Arctic.
The
oceanographic
measurements
were
coordinated
other
teams
explore
ocean
physics
linkages
ecosystem.
This
paper
introduces
major
components
complements
overviews
MOSAiC
observational
program.
OCEAN’s
sampling
strategy
was
around
hydrographic
ship-,
ice-
autonomous
platform-based
improve
understanding
circulation
mixing
processes.
Measurements
carried
out
both
routinely,
regular
schedule,
response
storms
or
opening
leads.
Here
we
present
along-drift
time
series
properties,
allowing
insights
into
seasonal
evolution
water
column
winter
Laptev
Sea
early
summer
Fram
Strait:
freshening
surface,
deepening
mixed
layer,
increase
temperature
salinity
Atlantic
Water.
We
also
highlight
presence
Canada
Basin
deep
intrusions
surface
meltwater
layer
most
likely
comprehensive
ever
over
ice-covered
Ocean.
While
data
analysis
interpretation
ongoing,
acquired
datasets
will
support
wide
range
multi-disciplinary
research.
They
provide
significant
foundation
assessing
advancing
modeling
capabilities
Elementa Science of the Anthropocene,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
10(1)
Published: Jan. 1, 2022
Sea
ice
growth
and
decay
are
critical
processes
in
the
Arctic
climate
system,
but
comprehensive
observations
very
sparse.
We
analyzed
data
from
23
sea
mass
balance
buoys
(IMBs)
deployed
during
Multidisciplinary
drifting
Observatory
for
Study
of
Climate
(MOSAiC)
expedition
2019–2020
to
investigate
seasonality
timing
thermodynamic
Transpolar
Drift.
The
reveal
four
stages
season:
(I)
onset
basal
freezing,
mid-October
November;
(II)
rapid
growth,
December–March;
(III)
slow
April–May;
(IV)
melting,
June
onward.
Ice
ranged
0.64
1.38
m
at
a
rate
0.004–0.006
d–1,
depending
mainly
on
initial
thickness.
Compared
buoy
close
MOSAiC
setup
site
September
2012,
total
was
about
twice
as
high,
due
relatively
thin
thickness
sites.
top,
caused
by
surface
flooding
subsequent
snow-ice
formation,
observed
two
sites
likely
linked
dynamic
processes.
Snow
reached
maximum
depth
0.25
±
0.08
May
2,
2020,
had
melted
completely
25,
2020.
early
melt
7
(±10
d),
2019,
can
be
partly
attributed
unusually
advection
floes
towards
Fram
Strait.
oceanic
heat
flux,
calculated
based
bottom,
2.8
1.1
W
m–2
December–April,
increased
gradually
onward,
reaching
10.0
2.6
mid-June
Subsequently,
under-ice
ponds
formed
most
connection
with
increasing
permeability.
Our
analysis
provides
crucial
information
future
studies
related
beyond.
Elementa Science of the Anthropocene,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
10(1)
Published: Jan. 1, 2022
The
magnitude,
spectral
composition,
and
variability
of
the
Arctic
sea
ice
surface
albedo
are
key
to
understanding
numerically
simulating
Earth’s
shortwave
energy
budget.
Spectral
broadband
albedos
were
spatially
temporally
sampled
by
on-ice
observers
along
individual
survey
lines
throughout
sunlit
season
(April–September,
2020)
during
Multidisciplinary
drifting
Observatory
for
Study
Climate
(MOSAiC)
expedition.
seasonal
evolution
MOSAiC
year
was
constructed
from
averaged
values
each
line.
Specific
locations
identified
as
representative
types,
including
accumulated
dry
snow,
melting
bare
ice,
refreezing
ponded
sediment-laden
ice.
area-averaged
progression
total
recorded
showed
remarkable
similarity
that
22
years
prior
on
multiyear
Surface
Heat
Budget
Ocean
(SHEBA)
In
accord
with
these
other
previous
field
efforts,
relatively
thick,
snow-free,
shows
invariance
across
location,
decade,
type.
particular,
indistinguishable
second-year
suggesting
highly
scattering
layer
forms
summer
is
robust
stabilizing.
contrast,
observed
be
variable
at
visible
wavelengths.
Notable
temporal
changes
in
documented
melt
freeze
onset,
formation
deepening
ponds,
While
model
simulations
show
considerable
agreement
progression,
disparities
suggest
need
improve
how
both
thin,
simulated.
Elementa Science of the Anthropocene,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
10(1)
Published: Jan. 1, 2022
Sea
ice
thickness
is
a
key
parameter
in
the
polar
climate
and
ecosystem.
Thermodynamic
dynamic
processes
alter
sea
thickness.
The
Multidisciplinary
drifting
Observatory
for
Study
of
Arctic
Climate
(MOSAiC)
expedition
provided
unique
opportunity
to
study
seasonal
changes
same
ice.
We
analyzed
11
large-scale
(∼50
km)
airborne
electromagnetic
surface
roughness
surveys
from
October
2019
September
2020.
Data
mass
balance
position
buoys
additional
information.
found
that
thermodynamic
growth
decay
dominated
cycle
with
total
mean
increase
1.4
m
(October
June
2020)
1.2
(June
2020
2020).
Ice
dynamics
deformation-related
processes,
such
as
thin
formation
leads
subsequent
ridging,
broadened
distribution
contributed
30%
These
caused
1-month
delay
between
maximum
EM
measurements
bridged
scales
local
floe-scale
Arctic-wide
satellite
observations
model
grid
cells.
spatial
differences
Central
(<10
MOSAiC
Distributed
Network
(<50
were
negligible
fall
only
0.2
late
winter,
but
relative
abundance
thick
varied.
One
unexpected
outcome
was
large
thickening
regime
where
divergence
prevailed
on
average
western
Nansen
Basin
spring.
suggest
due
mobile,
unconsolidated
pack
periodic,
sub-daily
motion.
demonstrate
this
Lagrangian
data
set
well
suited
validating
existing
redistribution
theory
models.
Our
comprehensive
description
valuable
interpreting
time
series
across
disciplines
can
be
used
reference
advance
modeling.
Elementa Science of the Anthropocene,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
10(1)
Published: Jan. 1, 2022
Melt
ponds
on
sea
ice
play
an
important
role
in
the
Arctic
climate
system.
Their
presence
alters
partitioning
of
solar
radiation:
decreasing
reflection,
increasing
absorption
and
transmission
to
ocean,
enhancing
melt.
The
spatiotemporal
properties
melt
thus
modify
albedo
feedbacks
mass
balance
ice.
Multidisciplinary
drifting
Observatory
for
Study
Climate
(MOSAiC)
expedition
presented
a
valuable
opportunity
investigate
seasonal
evolution
through
rich
array
atmosphere-ice-ocean
measurements
across
spatial
temporal
scales.
In
this
study,
we
characterize
behavior
variability
snow,
surface
scattering
layer,
from
spring
autumn
freeze-up
using
situ
surveys
auxiliary
observations.
We
compare
results
satellite
retrievals
output
two
models:
Community
Earth
System
Model
(CESM2)
Marginal
Ice
Zone
Modeling
Assimilation
(MIZMAS).
During
season,
maximum
pond
coverage
depth
were
21%
22
±
13
cm,
respectively,
with
distribution
corresponding
roughness
thickness.
Compared
observations,
both
models
overestimate
summer,
values
approximately
41%
(MIZMAS)
51%
(CESM2).
This
overestimation
has
implications
accurately
simulating
feedbacks.
observed
freeze-up,
weather
events,
including
rain
caused
high-frequency
snow
depth,
while
remained
relatively
constant
until
continuous
freezing
ensued.
Both
simulate
abrupt
cessation
during
but
dates
differ.
MIZMAS
simulates
date
CESM2
one-to-two
weeks
earlier.
work
demonstrates
areas
that
warrant
future
observation-model
synthesis
improving
representation
sea-ice
processes
properties,
which
can
aid
accurate
simulations
warming
climate.
Scientific Data,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
10(1)
Published: Aug. 4, 2023
The
Multidisciplinary
drifting
Observatory
for
the
Study
of
Arctic
Climate
(MOSAiC)
was
a
yearlong
expedition
supported
by
icebreaker
R/V
Polarstern,
following
Transpolar
Drift
from
October
2019
to
2020.
campaign
documented
an
annual
cycle
physical,
biological,
and
chemical
processes
impacting
atmosphere-ice-ocean
system.
Of
central
importance
were
measurements
thermodynamic
dynamic
evolution
sea
ice.
A
multi-agency
international
team
led
University
Colorado/CIRES
NOAA-PSL
observed
meteorology
surface-atmosphere
energy
exchanges,
including
radiation;
turbulent
momentum
flux;
latent
sensible
heat
snow
conductive
flux.
There
four
stations
on
ice,
10
m
micrometeorological
tower
paired
with
23/30
mast
radiation
station
three
autonomous
Atmospheric
Surface
Flux
Stations.
Collectively,
acquired
~928
days
data.
This
manuscript
documents
acquisition
post-processing
those
provides
guide
researchers
access
use
data
products.
Elementa Science of the Anthropocene,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
11(1)
Published: Jan. 1, 2023
Atmospheric
model
systems,
such
as
those
used
for
weather
forecast
and
reanalysis
production,
often
have
significant
systematic
errors
in
their
representation
of
the
Arctic
surface
energy
budget
its
components.
The
newly
available
observation
data
Multidisciplinary
drifting
Observatory
Study
Climate
(MOSAiC)
expedition
(2019/2020)
enable
a
range
analyses
validation
order
to
advance
our
understanding
potential
deficiencies.
In
present
study,
we
analyze
deficiencies
radiative
over
sea
ice
ERA5
global
atmospheric
by
comparing
against
winter
MOSAiC
campaign
data,
well
as,
pan-Arctic
level-2
MODIS
temperature
remote
sensing
product.
We
find
that
can
simulate
timing
radiatively
clear
periods,
though
it
is
not
able
distinguish
two
observed
states,
opaquely
cloudy,
distribution
net
budget.
has
conditional
error
with
positive
bias
conditions
negative
cloudy
conditions.
mean
4°C
situations
at
up
15°C
some
parts
Arctic.
spatial
variability
temperature,
given
4
sites
MOSAiC,
captured
due
resolution
but
represented
satellite
sensitivity
analysis
possible
sources,
using
products
snow
depth
thickness,
shows
during
events
are,
large
extent,
caused
insufficient
thickness
system.
A
characterizes
regions
greater
than
1.5
m,
while
thinner
partly
compensated
effect
snow.
Surveys in Geophysics,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
44(5), P. 1653 - 1689
Published: April 3, 2023
Abstract
Sea
ice
monitoring
by
polar
orbiting
satellites
has
been
developed
over
more
than
four
decades
and
is
today
one
of
the
most
well-established
applications
space
observations.
This
article
gives
an
overview
data
product
development
from
first
sensors
to
state-of-the-art
regarding
retrieval
methods,
new
products
operational
sets
serving
climate
as
well
daily
services
including
charting
forecasting.
Passive
microwave
longest
history
represents
backbone
global
with
already
consistent
observations
concentration
extent.
Time
series
passive
primary
set
document
sea
decline
in
Arctic.
Scatterometer
a
valuable
supplement
data,
particular
retrieve
displacement
distinguish
between
firstyear
multiyear
ice.
Radar
laser
altimeter
become
main
method
estimate
thickness
thereby
fill
gap
observation
essential
variable.
Data
on
allows
estimation
volume
masses
improvement
forecasts.
The
use
different
altimetric
frequencies
also
makes
it
possible
measure
depth
snow
covering
Synthetic
Aperture
(SAR)
work
horse
regional
scale
because
high-resolution
radar
images
are
delivered
year-round
nearly
all
regions
where
national
produce
charts.
important
for
research
can
be
used
observe
number
processes
phenomena,
like
type
dynamics,
contribute
knowledge
about
modelling
forecasting
navigation
discussed.
Finally,
describes
future
plans
observation.
The cryosphere,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
16(6), P. 2373 - 2402
Published: June 17, 2022
Abstract.
Data
from
the
Multidisciplinary
drifting
Observatory
for
Study
of
Arctic
Climate
(MOSAiC)
expedition
allowed
us
to
investigate
temporal
dynamics
snowfall,
snow
accumulation
and
erosion
in
great
detail
almost
whole
season
(November
2019
May
2020).
We
computed
cumulative
water
equivalent
(SWE)
over
sea
ice
based
on
depth
density
retrievals
a
SnowMicroPen
approximately
weekly
measured
depths
along
fixed
transect
paths.
used
derived
SWE
cover
compare
with
precipitation
sensors
installed
during
MOSAiC.
The
data
were
also
compared
ERA5
reanalysis
snowfall
rates
drift
track.
found
an
accumulated
mass
38
mm
between
end
October
April
2020.
initial
first-year
relative
second-year
increased
50
%
90
by
investigation
period.
Further,
we
that
Vaisala
Present
Weather
Detector
22,
optical
sensor,
railing
top
deck
research
vessel
Polarstern,
was
least
affected
blowing
showed
good
agreements
transect.
On
contrary,
OTT
Pluvio2
pluviometer
Parsivel2
laser
disdrometer
largely
wind
snow,
leading
too
high
rates.
These
are
reduced
when
eliminating
periods
comparison.
reveals
timing
events
agreement
ground
measurements
overestimation
tendency.
Retrieved
ship-based
Ka-band
ARM
zenith
radar
shows
differences
comparable
those
ERA5.
Based
results,
suggest
radar-derived
as
upper
limit
present
weather
detector
RV
Polarstern
lower
range.
these
findings,
72
107
loss
due
sublimation
47
68
%,
time
period
31
26
Extending
this
beyond
available
measurements,
98–114
mm.