Emerging Biomedical Applications of Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes

Advanced Optical Materials, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 9(14)

Published: May 17, 2021

Abstract As solid‐state light sources based on amorphous organic semiconductors, light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) are widely used in modern smartphone displays and TVs. Due to the dramatic improvements stability, efficiency, brightness achieved over last three decades, OLEDs have also become attractive for compact “imperceptible” biomedical devices that use probe, image, manipulate, or treat biological matter. The inherent mechanical flexibility of their compatibility with a wide range substrates geometries particular benefit this context. Here, recent progress development applications is reviewed. specific requirements poses described compared current state art, terms brightness, patterning, encapsulation OLEDs. Examples from several main areas then discussed some detail: on‐chip sensing integration microfluidics, wearable optical monitoring, therapeutic devices, emerging neuroscience targeted photostimulation via optogenetics. review closes brief outlook future avenues scale manufacturing OLED‐based use.

Language: Английский

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Cochlear Implant Research and Development in the Twenty-first Century: A Critical Update

Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 22(5), P. 481 - 508

Published: Aug. 25, 2021

Abstract Cochlear implants (CIs) are the world’s most successful sensory prosthesis and have been subject of intense research development in recent decades. We critically review progress CI research, its success improving patient outcomes, from turn century to present day. The focuses on processing, stimulation, audiological methods that used try improve speech perception by human listeners, fundamental new insights response auditory system electrical stimulation. introduction directional microphones noise reduction pre-processing algorithms has produced robust sometimes substantial improvements. Novel speech-processing algorithms, use current-focusing methods, individualised (patient-by-patient) deactivation subsets electrodes more modest argue incremental advances will continue be made, collectively these may substantially but size each individual advance require greater attention experimental design power. also briefly discuss potential limitations promising technologies currently being developed animal models, suggest strategies for researchers maximise CIs hearing a wide range listening situations.

Language: Английский

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Applications of nanogenerators for biomedical engineering and healthcare systems

InfoMat, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 4(2)

Published: Dec. 30, 2021

The dream of human beings for long living has stimulated the rapid development biomedical and healthcare equipment. However, conventional devices have shortcomings such as short service life, large equipment size, high potential safety hazards. Indeed, power supply implantable device remains predominantly batteries. emerging nanogenerators, which harvest micro/nanomechanical energy thermal from convert into electrical energy, provide an ideal solution self‐powering devices. combination nanogenerators biomedicine been accelerating self‐powered This article first introduces operating principle then reviews progress in applications, including supply, smart sensing, effective treatment. Besides, microbial disinfection biodegradation performances updated. Next, protection discussed face mask with air filtering function together real‐time monitoring health respiration heat emission. nanogenerator categorized by types mechanical beings, body movement, tissue organ activities, chemical reactions, gravitational energy. Eventually, challenges future opportunities applications are delivered conclusive remarks. image

Language: Английский

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Towards the optical cochlear implant: optogenetic approaches for hearing restoration

EMBO Molecular Medicine, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 12(4)

Published: March 30, 2020

Cochlear implants (CIs) are considered the most successful neuroprosthesis as they enable speech comprehension in majority of half a million CI users suffering from sensorineural hearing loss. By electrically stimulating auditory nerve, CIs constitute an interface re-connecting brain and scene, providing patient with information regarding latter. However, since electric current is hard to focus conductive environments such cochlea, precision electrical sound encoding-and thus quality artificial hearing-is limited. Recently, optogenetic stimulation cochlea has been suggested alternative approach for restoration. optogenetics promises increased spectral selectivity encoding, hence improved hearing, light can conveniently be confined space activate nerve within smaller tonotopic ranges. In this review, we discuss latest experimental technological developments cochlear outline remaining challenges on way clinical translation.

Language: Английский

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Multichannel optogenetic stimulation of the auditory pathway using microfabricated LED cochlear implants in rodents

Science Translational Medicine, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 12(553)

Published: July 22, 2020

When hearing fails, electrical cochlear implants (eCIs) provide the brain with auditory information. One important bottleneck of CIs is poor spectral selectivity that results from wide current spread each electrode contacts. Optical (oCIs) promise to make better use tonotopic order spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) inside cochlea by spatially confined stimulation. Here, we established multichannel oCIs based on light-emitting diode (LED) arrays and used them for optical stimulation channelrhodopsin (ChR)-expressing SGNs in rodents. Power-efficient blue LED chips were integrated onto microfabricated 15-μm-thin polyimide-based carriers comprising interconnecting lines address individual LEDs a stationary or mobile driver circuitry. We extensively characterized optoelectronic, thermal, mechanical properties demonstrated stability over weeks vitro. then implanted into ChR-expressing rats gerbils, optogenetic SGN electrophysiological behavioral experiments. Improved was directly recordings midbrain. Long-term experiments deafened nontreated control animals specificity Behavioral studies carrying wireless oCI sound processor revealed percepts. This study demonstrates restoration improved an LED-based system.

Language: Английский

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Optical Wireless Communications for In-Body and Transdermal Biomedical Applications

IEEE Communications Magazine, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 59(1), P. 119 - 125

Published: Jan. 1, 2021

This article discusses the fundamental architectures for optical-wireless-systems biomedical-ap-plications. After summarizing main applications and reporting their requirements, we describe characteristics of transdermal in-body optical channels (OCs) as well challenges that they impose in design communication systems. Specifically, provide three possible communications, namely electro-optical monitoring, opto-electrical, all-optical (AO), neural stimulation, which are currently under investigation, whereas a nano-scale AO concept. For each architecture, discuss operation principles, technology enablers, research directions development. Finally, highlight necessity designing an infor-mation-theoretic framework analysis physical medium access control layers, takes into account channels' characteristics.

Language: Английский

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Utility of red‐light ultrafast optogenetic stimulation of the auditory pathway

EMBO Molecular Medicine, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 13(6)

Published: May 7, 2021

Optogenetic stimulation of spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) in the ear provides a future alternative to electrical used current cochlear implants. Here, we employed fast and very variants red-light-activated channelrhodopsin (ChR) Chrimson (f-Chrimson vf-Chrimson) study their utility for optogenetic SGNs mice. The light requirements were higher vf-Chrimson than f-Chrimson, even when optimizing membrane expression by adding potassium channel trafficking sequences. time intensity coding single putative compared with acoustic clicks. enabled fire at near-physiological rates good temporal precision up 250 Hz stimulation. dynamic range SGN spike rate upon was narrower clicks but larger reported timing, on other hand, more comparable In conclusion, f-Chrimson are promising candidates auditory research

Language: Английский

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A Wireless Power and Data Transfer IC for Neural Prostheses Using a Single Inductive Link With Frequency-Splitting Characteristic

IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 15(6), P. 1306 - 1319

Published: Dec. 1, 2021

This paper presents a frequency-splitting-based wireless power and data transfer IC that simultaneously delivers forward over single inductive link. For transmission, frequency-shift keying (FSK) is utilized because the FSK modulation scheme supports continuous transmission without disruption of carrier amplitude. Moreover, link manifests frequency-splitting characteristic due to close distance between coupled coils provides wide bandwidth for delivery degrading quality factors coils. It results in large delivery, high rate, efficiency. The presented fabricated 180-nm BCD process achieves up-to-115-mW load 2.5-Mb/s downlink rate measured overall efficiency from DC supply at transmitter module receiver reaches 56.7$\%$ its maximum, bit error lower than 10$^{-6}$ 2.5 Mb/s. As result, figure merit (FoM) enhanced by 2 times, FoM improved 38.7 times compared prior state-of-the-arts using

Language: Английский

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Functional contribution of mesencephalic locomotor region nuclei to locomotor recovery after spinal cord injury

Cell Reports Medicine, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 4(2), P. 100946 - 100946

Published: Feb. 1, 2023

Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in a disruption of information between the brain and spinal circuit. Electrical stimulation mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) can promote recovery acute chronic SCI rodent models. Although clinical trials are currently under way, there is still debate about organization this supraspinal center which anatomic correlate MLR should be targeted to recovery. Combining kinematics, electromyographic recordings, analysis, mouse genetics, our study reveals that glutamatergic neurons cuneiform nucleus contribute by enhancing motor efficacy hindlimb muscles, increasing rhythm speed on treadmill, over ground, during swimming mice. In contrast, pedunculopontine slow down locomotion. Therefore, identifies its as therapeutical target improve patients living with SCI.

Language: Английский

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A Comprehensive Review on the Optical Micro-Electromechanical Sensors for the Biomedical Application

Frontiers in Public Health, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 9

Published: Dec. 2, 2021

This study presented an overview of current developments in optical micro-electromechanical systems biomedical applications. Optical system (MEMS) is a particular class MEMS technology. It combines micro-optics, mechanical elements, and electronics, called the micro-opto electromechanical (MOEMS). comprises sensing influencing signals on micron-level by incorporating mechanical, electrical, systems. devices are widely used inertial navigation, accelerometers, gyroscope application, many industrial Due to its miniaturised size, insensitivity electromagnetic interference, affordability, lightweight characteristic, it can be easily integrated into human body with suitable design. comprehensive review 140 research articles published photonic applications that qualitative method find recent advancement, challenges, issues. The paper also identified critical success factors applied design optimum With systematic literature approach, results showed key could significantly impact design, future scope work. this suggested due flexibility, accuracy, efficiency Fibre Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors, demand has been increasing for various devices. Except FBG devices, other such as ring resonator, Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI), crystals used, which still show experimental stages application biosensing. requirement sophisticated fabrication facilities systems, tough choice consider system. Miniaturisation complete device Even though there lot work considered system, commercialisation final specific not seen noticeable progress past.

Language: Английский

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