Journal of Neuroendocrinology,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
32(11)
Published: June 30, 2020
Abstract
Prolactin
is
named
after
its
vital
role
of
promoting
milk
production
during
lactation,
although
it
has
been
implicated
in
multiple
functions
within
the
body,
including
metabolism
and
energy
homeostasis.
hypothesised
to
play
a
key
driving
many
adaptations
maternal
body
allow
mother
meet
physiological
demands
both
pregnancy
high
energetic
growing
foetus
followed
by
support
offspring
birth.
receptors
are
found
tissues
involved
food
intake,
such
as
pancreas,
liver,
hypothalamus,
small
intestine
adipose
tissue.
We
review
literature
examining
effects
prolactin
these
various
how
they
relate
changes
function
states
prolactin,
pathological
hyperprolactinaemia
adult.
In
cases,
whether
promotes
healthy
or
leads
dysregulation
metabolic
highly
dependent
on
situation.
Overall,
may
not
major
regulating
weight
outside
definitely
ability
contribute
function.
Journal of Neuroscience Research,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
99(1), P. 271 - 283
Published: Feb. 27, 2020
Abstract
All
mammalian
species
depend
on
the
placenta,
a
transient
organ,
for
exchange
of
gases,
nutrients,
and
waste
between
mother
conceptus.
Besides
serving
as
conduit
such
exchanges,
placenta
produces
hormones
other
factors
that
influence
maternal
physiology
fetal
development.
To
meet
all
these
adaptations,
has
evolved
to
become
most
structurally
diverse
organ
within
taxa.
However,
commonalities
exist
how
placental
responses
promote
survival
against
in
utero
threats
can
alter
trajectory
development,
particular
brain.
Increasing
evidence
suggests
reactions
various
stressors
may
lead
long‐standing
health
outcomes,
otherwise
considered
developmental
origin
disease
effects.
transferring
nutrients
neurotransmitters,
including
serotonin,
dopamine,
norepinephrine/epinephrine,
circulate
brain
Neurobehavioral
disorders,
autism
spectrum
likely
trace
their
origins
back
disturbances.
This
intimate
relationship
led
coinage
term,
placenta‐brain‐axis.
axis
will
be
focus
herein,
conceptus
sex
might
it,
technologies
employed
parse
out
effects
placental‐specific
transcript
expression
changes
later
neurobehavioral
disorders.
Ultimately,
provide
historical
record
fetus
confronted
roadmap
understand
encounters
impacts
placental‐brain‐axis.
Improved
early
diagnostic
preventative
approaches
thereby
designed
mitigate
disruptions.
Patty's Toxicology,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
unknown, P. 1 - 46
Published: June 28, 2023
Abstract
This
chapter
provides
a
practical
overview
of
reproductive
and
developmental
toxicology,
with
focus
on
considerations
for
human
health
risk
assessment.
It
brief
normal
reproduction
development,
as
well
examples
how
toxic
agents
may
impact
these
processes.
Default
assumptions
assessment
toxicants
are
discussed,
the
types
endpoints
typically
evaluated
in
animal
toxicology
studies
epidemiology
summarized.
A
is
also
provided
other
data
that
can
be
useful
hazard
identification
toxicants,
including
mechanistic
new
approach
methodologies,
pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics,
mixtures.
Testing
procedures
guidelines
(including
pharmaceuticals
industrial
or
environmental
chemicals)
Journal of Clinical Investigation,
Journal Year:
2017,
Volume and Issue:
127(3), P. 1061 - 1074
Published: Feb. 19, 2017
MicroRNAs
(miRNAs)
are
negative
modulators
of
gene
expression
that
fine-tune
numerous
biological
processes.
miRNA
loss-of-function
rarely
results
in
highly
penetrant
phenotypes,
but
rather,
influences
cellular
responses
to
physiologic
and
pathophysiologic
stresses.
Here,
we
have
reported
a
single
member
the
evolutionarily
conserved
miR-7
family,
miR-7a2,
is
essential
for
normal
pituitary
development
hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal
(HPG)
function
adulthood.
Genetic
deletion
mir-7a2
causes
infertility,
with
low
levels
gonadotropic
sex
steroid
hormones,
small
testes
or
ovaries,
impaired
spermatogenesis,
lack
ovulation
male
female
mice,
respectively.
We
found
miR-7a2
expressed
pituitary,
where
it
suppresses
golgi
glycoprotein
1
(GLG1)
downstream
bone
morphogenetic
protein
4
(BMP4)
signaling
also
reduces
prostaglandin
F2a
receptor
regulator
(PTGFRN),
an
inhibitor
follicle-stimulating
hormone
(FSH)
luteinizing
(LH)
secretion.
Our
reveal
critically
regulates
sexual
maturation
reproductive
by
interconnecting
genomic
circuits
regulate
FSH
LH
synthesis
secretion
through
their
effects
on
BMP4
signaling.
Journal of Clinical Medicine,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
8(12), P. 2203 - 2203
Published: Dec. 13, 2019
Hyperprolactinaemia
is
one
of
the
most
common
problems
in
clinical
endocrinology.
It
relates
with
various
aetiologies
(physiological,
pharmacological,
pathological),
clarification
which
requires
careful
history
taking
and
assessment.
Analytical
issues
(presence
macroprolactin
or
hook
effect)
need
to
be
taken
into
account
when
interpreting
prolactin
values.
Medications
sellar/parasellar
masses
(prolactin
secreting
acting
through
"stalk
effect")
are
causes
pathological
hyperprolactinaemia.
Hypogonadism
galactorrhoea
well-recognized
manifestations
excess,
although
its
implications
on
bone
health,
metabolism
immune
system
also
expanding.
Treatment
mainly
aims
at
restoration
maintenance
normal
gonadal
function/fertility,
prevention
osteoporosis;
further
specific
management
strategies
depend
underlying
cause.
In
this
review,
we
provide
an
update
diagnostic
approaches
for
patient
hyperprolactinaemia
current
data
looking
impact
high
metabolism,
cardiovascular
systems.
