Regulation of Body Size and Growth Control

Genetics, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 216(2), P. 269 - 313

Published: Oct. 1, 2020

Abstract The control of body and organ growth is essential for the development adults with proper size proportions, which important survival reproduction. In animals, adult determined by rate duration juvenile growth, are influenced environment. nutrient-scarce environments in more time needed period can be extended delaying maturation, whereas rapidly completed nutrient-rich conditions. This flexibility requires integration environmental cues developmental signals that govern internal checkpoints to ensure maturation does not begin until sufficient tissue has occurred reach a size. Target Rapamycin (TOR) pathway primary cell-autonomous nutrient sensor, while circulating hormones such as steroids insulin-like factors main systemic regulators animals. We discuss recent findings Drosophila melanogaster showing environment growth-sensing mechanisms, involving TOR other growth-regulatory pathways, converge on insulin steroid relay centers responsible adjusting development, response external addition this, also monitored coordinated whole-body timing through modulation signaling. coordination involves interorgan communication mediated peptide 8 status. Together, these multiple nutritional feed into neuroendocrine hubs controlling signaling, serving at progression toward delayed. review focuses mechanisms conditions modulate size, highlights conserved architecture this system, made prime model understanding

Language: Английский

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Control of the insect metamorphic transition by ecdysteroid production and secretion

Current Opinion in Insect Science, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 43, P. 11 - 20

Published: Sept. 17, 2020

Language: Английский

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Signaling Pathways That Regulate the Crustacean Molting Gland

Frontiers in Endocrinology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 12

Published: June 21, 2021

A pair of Y-organs (YOs) are the molting glands decapod crustaceans. They synthesize and secrete steroid hormones (ecdysteroids) their activity is controlled by external internal signals. The YO transitions through four physiological states over molt cycle, which mediated molt-inhibiting hormone (MIH; basal state), mechanistic Target Rapamycin Complex 1 (mTORC1; activated Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGFβ)/Activin (committed ecdysteroid (repressed state) signaling pathways. MIH, produced in eyestalk X-organ/sinus gland complex, inhibits synthesis ecdysteroids. model for MIH organized into a cAMP/Ca

Language: Английский

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Regulation of ecdysone production in Drosophila by neuropeptides and peptide hormones

Open Biology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 11(2)

Published: Feb. 1, 2021

In both mammals and insects, steroid hormones play a major role in directing the animal's progression through developmental stages. To maximize fitness outcomes, hormone production is regulated by environmental conditions experienced animal. ecdysone mediates transitions between stages response to factors such as nutrition. These signals are communicated ecdysone-producing gland via action of neuropeptide peptide signalling pathways. While some these pathways have been well characterized, there evidence suggest more than has previously thought function control production, potentially greater range conditions. Here, we review known regulate model genetic insect Drosophila melanogaster , what regarding that trigger Areas for future research highlighted can further contribute our overall understanding complex orchestration environmental, physiological cues together produce functioning adult organism.

Language: Английский

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Transcriptional Regulators of Ecdysteroid Biosynthetic Enzymes and Their Roles in Insect Development

Frontiers in Physiology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 13

Published: Feb. 8, 2022

Steroid hormones are responsible for coordinating many aspects of biological processes in most multicellular organisms, including insects. Ecdysteroid, the principal insect steroid hormone, is biosynthesized from dietary cholesterol or plant sterols. In last 20 years, a number ecdysteroidogenic enzymes, Noppera-bo, Neverland, Shroud, Spook/Spookier, Cyp6t3, Phantom, Disembodied, Shadow, and Shade, have been identified characterized molecular genetic studies using fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster . These enzymes encoded by genes collectively called Halloween genes. The transcriptional regulatory network, governed multiple regulators transcription, chromatin remodeling, endoreplication, has shown to be essential spatiotemporal expression control D. melanogaster. this review, we summarize latest information on that crucial controlling ecdysteroid biosynthetic their roles development.

Language: Английский

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Role of Endocrine System in the Regulation of Female Insect Reproduction

Biology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 10(7), P. 614 - 614

Published: July 2, 2021

The proper synthesis and functioning of ecdysteroids juvenile hormones (JHs) are very important for the regulation vitellogenesis oogenesis. However, their role function contrast among different orders, even in same insect order. For example, JH is main hormone that regulates hemimetabolous which include Orthoptera, Blattodea, Hemiptera, while regulate orders Diptera, some Hymenoptera Lepidoptera. These endocrine also each other. Even at specific stage life, they positively other, other stages negatively control Such positive negative interaction 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) discussed this review article to better understand these regulating reproduction. Therefore, purpose present deeply complex with insulin signaling pathway. microbiomes system reviewed, as significantly affected by compounds produced microbiota.

Language: Английский

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Insect Transcription Factors: A Landscape of Their Structures and Biological Functions in Drosophila and beyond

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 19(11), P. 3691 - 3691

Published: Nov. 21, 2018

Transcription factors (TFs) play essential roles in the transcriptional regulation of functional genes, and are involved diverse physiological processes living organisms. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, a simple easily manipulated organismal model, has been extensively applied to study biological functions TFs their related mechanisms. It is noteworthy that with development genetic tools such as CRISPR/Cas9 next-generation genome sequencing techniques recent years, identification dissection complex regulatory networks have also made great progress other insects beyond Drosophila. However, unfortunately, there no comprehensive review systematically summarizes structures both model non-model insects. Here, we spend extensive effort collecting vast studies, attempt provide an impartial overview structure current documented insects, well classical emerging research methods for studying functions. Consequently, considering importance versatile orchestrating insect processes, this will assist growing number entomologists interrogate understudied field, propel contributions pest control even human health.

Language: Английский

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Innovation of heterochromatin functions drives rapid evolution of essential ZAD-ZNF genes in Drosophila

eLife, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 9

Published: Nov. 10, 2020

Contrary to dogma, evolutionarily young and dynamic genes can encode essential functions. We find that ZAD-ZNF genes, which the most abundant class of insect transcription factors, are more likely functions in Drosophila melanogaster than ancient, conserved genes. focus on Nicknack gene, is young, poorly retained species, evolves under strong positive selection. Yet we it necessary for larval development D. melanogaster. show encodes a heterochromatin-localizing protein like its paralog Oddjob , also an yet gene. divergent simulans still localize heterochromatin rescue viability female but not male Nicknack- null . Our findings suggest innovation rapidly changing might generally explain essentiality many insects.

Language: Английский

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Structural basis of diversity and homodimerization specificity of zinc-finger-associated domains in Drosophila

Nucleic Acids Research, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 49(4), P. 2375 - 2389

Published: Jan. 25, 2021

Abstract In arthropods, zinc finger-associated domains (ZADs) are found at the N-termini of many DNA-binding proteins with tandem arrays Cys2-His2 fingers (ZAD-C2H2 proteins). ZAD-C2H2 undergo fast evolutionary lineage-specific expansion and functional diversification. Here, we show that all ZADs from Drosophila melanogaster form homodimers, but only certain high homology can also heterodimerize. CG2712, for example, is unable to heterodimerize its paralog, previously characterized insulator protein Zw5, which it shares 46% homology. We obtained a crystal structure CG2712 protein's ZAD domain that, in spite low sequence homology, has similar spatial organization known (from Grauzone protein). Steric clashes prevented formation heterodimers between ZADs. Using detailed structural analysis, site-directed mutagenesis, molecular dynamics simulations, demonstrated rapid acquisition interaction specificity was mediated by more energy-favorable homodimers comparison heterodimers, this achieved multiple amino acid substitutions resulting or breaking stabilizing interactions. speculate specific homodimerization important their architectural role genome organization.

Language: Английский

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Snail synchronizes endocycling in a TOR-dependent manner to coordinate entry and escape from endoreplication pausing during the Drosophila critical weight checkpoint

PLoS Biology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 18(2), P. e3000609 - e3000609

Published: Feb. 25, 2020

The final body size of any given individual underlies both genetic and environmental constraints. Both mammals insects use target rapamycin (TOR) insulin signaling pathways to coordinate growth with nutrition. In holometabolous insects, the period is terminated through a cascade peptide steroid hormones that end larval feeding behavior trigger metamorphosis, nonfeeding stage during which plan remodeled produce an adult. This irreversible decision, termed critical weight (CW) checkpoint, ensures larvae have acquired sufficient nutrients complete survive development adulthood. How assess via CW checkpoint still poorly understood on molecular level. We show here Drosophila transcription factor Snail plays key role in this process. Before snail highly expressed prothoracic gland (PG), endocrine tissue undergoing endoreplication primarily dedicated production hormone ecdysone. observed two peaks PG, one before after molt from second third instar. Remarkably, these coincide PG cells entering S phase slowing DNA synthesis between peaks. Interestingly, peak occurs at exit checkpoint. levels then decline continuously, becomes nonsynchronized suggests synchronization into represents mechanistic link used terminate Indeed, PG-specific loss function prior causes arrest due cessation cells, whereas impairing no longer affected further development. During window, starvation or TOR disrupted formation endocycle synchronization, later had effect expression. Taken together, our data demonstrate pathway nutrient status regulate ecdysone-producing as effector protein attainment.

Language: Английский

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