COVID-19 Complications: Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Mitochondrial and Endothelial Dysfunction

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 24(19), P. 14876 - 14876

Published: Oct. 4, 2023

SARS-CoV-2 infection, discovered and isolated in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, causes acute atypical respiratory symptoms has led to profound changes our lives. COVID-19 is characterized by a wide range of complications, which include pulmonary embolism, thromboembolism arterial clot formation, arrhythmias, cardiomyopathy, multiorgan failure, more. The disease caused worldwide pandemic, despite various measures such as social distancing, preventive strategies, therapeutic approaches, the creation vaccines, novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19) still hides many mysteries for scientific community. Oxidative stress been suggested play an essential role pathogenesis COVID-19, determining free radical levels patients with may provide insight into severity. generation abnormal oxidants under COVID-19-induced cytokine storm irreversible oxidation macromolecules subsequent damage cells, tissues, organs. Clinical studies have shown that oxidative initiates endothelial damage, increases risk complications post-COVID-19 or long-COVID-19 cases. This review describes radicals mediation mitochondrial dysfunction.

Language: Английский

---

Exploring the Pathophysiology of Long COVID: The Central Role of Low-Grade Inflammation and Multisystem Involvement

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(12), P. 6389 - 6389

Published: June 9, 2024

Long COVID (LC), also referred to as Post COVID-19 Condition, Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection (PASC), and other terms, represents a complex multisystem disease persisting after the acute phase COVID-19. Characterized by myriad symptoms across different organ systems, LC presents significant diagnostic management challenges. Central disorder is role low-grade inflammation, non-classical inflammatory response that contributes chronicity diversity observed. This review explores pathophysiological underpinnings LC, emphasizing importance inflammation core component. By delineating pathogenetic relationships clinical manifestations this article highlights necessity for an integrated approach employs both personalized medicine standardized protocols aimed at mitigating long-term consequences. The insights gained not only enhance our understanding but inform development therapeutic strategies could be applicable chronic conditions with similar features.

Language: Английский

---

From Cell to Symptoms: The Role of SARS-CoV-2 Cytopathic Effects in the Pathogenesis of COVID-19 and Long COVID

Published: March 30, 2023

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection triggers various events from molecular to tissue level, which in turn is given by the intrinsic characteristics of each patient. Given diversity characteristic cellular phenotype, possible cytopathic, and clinical effects are difficult predict, determines heterogeneity COVID-19 symptoms. The purpose this article provide a comprehensive review cytopathic SARS-CoV-2 on cell types, focusing development COVID-19, may lead, some patients, persistence symptoms after recovery disease, condition known as long COVID. We describe mechanisms underlying virus-host interactions, including alterations protein expression, intracellular signaling pathways, immune responses. In particular, highlights potential impact these cytopathies function outcomes, such dysregulation, neuropsychiatric disorders, organ damage. concludes discussing future directions for research implications management treatment Long-COVID.

Language: Английский

---

Exploring Stressors: Impact on Cellular Organelles and Implications for Cellular Functions

Stresses, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 5(2), P. 26 - 26

Published: April 4, 2025

Cellular stressors have been demonstrated to exert a substantial influence on the functionality of organelles, thereby impacting cellular homeostasis and contributing development disease pathogenesis. This review aims examine impact diverse stressors, including environmental, chemical, biological, physical factors, critical organelles such as cell membrane, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, membrane-less organelles. The intricate molecular mechanisms underlying stress responses, encompassing oxidative stress, protein misfolding, metabolic reprogramming, capacity elicit adaptive responses or culminate in pathological conditions. interplay between these organelle dysfunction has implicated myriad diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, immune-related pathologies. A comprehensive understanding by which respond can offer valuable insights into therapeutic strategies aimed at mitigating damage.

Language: Английский

---

Sequelas da COVID-19: revisão integrativa da literatura

Revista Científica Multidisciplinar Núcleo do Conhecimento, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 68 - 87

Published: Aug. 8, 2023

A grande afinidade entre a proteína Spike do vírus SARS-CoV-2 e o receptor para enzima conversora de angiotensina 2 é postulada como um dos principais motivos taxa transmissão viral, que levou OMS declarar COVID-19 uma Emergência Saúde Pública Interesse Internacional, bem adotar medidas contenção da disseminação viral. Além disso, graças ao mecanismo fisiopatológico vírus, percebe-se, forma geral, sintomas inespecíficos, evolução atípica, principalmente em idosos imunodeprimidos, progressão mais rápida letal. De igual modo, com avanço no conhecimento história natural infecção pelo foram constatados persistentes e/ou sequelas causam disfunções orgânicas impactam negativamente na qualidade vida pacientes. Diante objetivo artigo foi apresentar revisão integrativa sobre as nos anos 2021 2022. Para tanto, pesquisados artigos completos nas bases dados pesquisa Scientific Electronic Library Online, Biblioteca Virtual PubMed, línguas português inglês, empregada metodologia PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses), sendo selecionados 14 artigos. Entre os resultados destacam-se: fisiopatogênese persistente baseada teoria fenômenos imunes secundários à infecção, resposta imunológica anormal presença locais imunologicamente privilegiados; fadiga, dispneia, comprometimento cognitivo subjetivo, neurológicas, doenças inflamatórias sistema nervoso central disfunção olfativa pós viral são complicações prevalentes; evidências relação causal tireoidite subaguda apresentadas; demonstrado maior número internações pacientes deficiência vitamina D; neuropsiquiátricos população profissionais saúde. Em conclusão, constatada escassez trabalhos versando diretamente COVID-19, tornando-se necessário aprofundamento dessas pesquisas visando criação protocolos específicos diagnósticos.

---

Thapsigargin and Tunicamycin Block SARS-CoV-2 Entry into Host Cells via Differential Modulation of Unfolded Protein Response (UPR), AKT Signaling, and Apoptosis

Cells, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 13(9), P. 769 - 769

Published: April 30, 2024

Background: SARS-Co-V2 infection can induce ER stress-associated activation of unfolded protein response (UPR) in host cells, which may contribute to the pathogenesis COVID-19. To understand complex interplay between and UPR signaling, we examined effects acute pre-existing stress on infectivity. Methods: Huh-7 cells were treated with Tunicamycin (TUN) Thapsigargin (THA) prior SARS-CoV-2pp transduction (48 h p.i.) stress. Pseudo-typed particles (SARS-CoV-2pp) entry into was measured by Bright GloTM luciferase assay. Cell viability assessed cell titer Glo® luminescent The mRNA expression evaluated RT-qPCR Western Blot. Results: TUN (5 µg/mL) THA (1 µM) efficiently inhibited without any cytotoxic effect. THA’s attenuation virus associated differential modulation ACE2 expression. Both significantly reduced stress-inducible chaperone GRP78/BiP transduced cells. In contrast, IRE1-XBP1s PERK-eIF2α-ATF4-CHOP signaling pathways downregulated treatment, but not Insulin-mediated glucose uptake phosphorylation Ser307 IRS-1 downstream p-AKT enhanced Furthermore, differentially affected lipid metabolism apoptotic pathways. Conclusions: These findings suggest that short-term induces a specific capable counteracting elements thereby depriving essential components for replication. Pharmacological manipulation might provide new therapeutic strategies alleviate SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Language: Английский

---

Possible Combinatorial Utilization of Phytochemicals and Extracellular Vesicles for Wound Healing and Regeneration

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(19), P. 10353 - 10353

Published: Sept. 26, 2024

Organ and tissue damage can result from injury disease. How to facilitate regeneration has been a topic for centuries, still, we are trying find agents use treatments. Two groups of biological substances known wound healing. Phytochemicals with bioactive properties form one group. Many phytochemicals have anti-inflammatory effects enhance Recent studies described their at the gene protein expression levels, highlighting receptors signaling pathways involved. The extremely large number multiple types they activate suggest broad range applicability clinical use. hydrophobic nature many difficulty chemical stabilization problem. developments in biotechnology nanotechnology methods enabling researchers overcome these problems. other group is extracellular vesicles (EVs), which now important functions, including improvement proteins nanoparticles contained mammalian EVs as well specificity targets microRNAs included becoming clear. Plant-derived found contain phytochemicals. overlap wound-healing capabilities both differences possibility combinatorial two groups, may effects.

Language: Английский

---

T Regulatory Cell Subsets Do Not Restore for One Year After Acute COVID-19

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(21), P. 11759 - 11759

Published: Nov. 1, 2024

COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, triggers a complex immune response, with T regulatory cells (Tregs) playing crucial role in maintaining homeostasis and preventing excessive inflammation. The current study investigates the function of during COVID-19 infection subsequent recovery period, emphasizing their impact on regulation inflammation control. We conducted comprehensive analysis Treg subpopulations peripheral blood samples from patients at different stages: acute infection, early convalescence, long-term recovery. Flow cytometry was employed to quantify Tregs including "naïve", central memory (CM), effector (EM), terminally differentiated CD45RA

Language: Английский

---

Sequels of COVID-19: An integrative literature review

Revista Científica Multidisciplinar Núcleo do Conhecimento, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 68 - 87

Published: Aug. 8, 2023

The strong affinity between the Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 virus and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor is postulated as one main reasons for high viral transmission rate, leading WHO to declare COVID-19 a Public Health Emergency International Concern adopt measures contain spread. Moreover, due virus’s pathophysiological mechanism, non-specific symptoms, atypical progression, especially in elderly immunocompromised, faster more lethal progression are observed. Additionally, knowledge about natural history infection has advanced, persistent symptoms and/or sequelae causing organic dysfunctions negatively impacting patients’ quality life have been noted. In light this, objective this article was present an integrative review sequels years 2021 2022. To achieve full articles were searched Scientific Electronic Library Online, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, PubMed research databases, both Portuguese English languages, using PRISMA methodology (Preferred Reporting Items Systematic Reviews Meta-Analyses), resulting selection 14 articles. Among results, following stand out: pathogenesis based on theory immune phenomena secondary infection, abnormal response, presence immunologically privileged sites; prevalent complications include fatigue, dyspnea, subjective cognitive impairment, neurological sequelae, central nervous system inflammatory diseases, post-viral olfactory dysfunction; evidence causal relationship subacute thyroiditis presented; higher number hospitalizations demonstrated vitamin D-deficient patients; well neuropsychiatric healthcare professional population. conclusion, scarcity studies directly addressing noted, highlighting need further create specific diagnostic protocols.

Language: Английский

---

Secuelas de la COVID-19: revisión integrativa de la literatura

Revista Científica Multidisciplinar Núcleo do Conhecimento, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 68 - 87

Published: Aug. 8, 2023

La gran afinidad entre la proteína Spike del virus SARS-CoV-2 y el receptor de enzima convertidora angiotensina 2 se postula como una las principales razones alta tasa transmisión viral, lo que llevó a OMS declarar COVID-19 Emergencia Salud Pública Interés Internacional, así adoptar medidas para contener propagación viral. Además, gracias al mecanismo fisiopatológico virus, observan síntomas inespecíficos en general, evolución atípica, principalmente personas mayores e inmunodeprimidas, progresión más rápida letal. De igual manera, con avance conocimiento historia natural infección por han constatado persistentes y/o secuelas causan disfunciones orgánicas impactan negativamente calidad vida los pacientes. Frente esto, objetivo artículo fue presentar revisión integrativa sobre años 2021 2022. Para ello, buscaron artículos completos bases datos investigación Scientific Electronic Library Online, Biblioteca Virtual PubMed, idiomas portugués inglés, empleó metodología PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses), seleccionando 14 artículos. Entre resultados destacan: fisiopatogénesis persistente basa teoría fenómenos inmunes secundarios infección, respuesta inmunológica anormal presencia lugares inmunológicamente privilegiados; fatiga, disnea, compromiso cognitivo subjetivo, neurológicas, enfermedades inflamatorias sistema nervioso central disfunción olfativa postviral son complicaciones prevalentes; presentaron evidencias relación causal tiroiditis subaguda; demostró un mayor número internaciones pacientes deficiencia vitamina D; neuropsiquiátricos población profesionales salud. En conclusión, constató escasez trabajos aborden directamente COVID-19, siendo necesario profundizar estas investigaciones miras creación protocolos específicos diagnósticos.

---