Legalizing Medical Cannabis in Lebanon: the Complex Interface Between Medicine, Law, Ethics, and Economics DOI
Joseph El‐Khoury, Rami Bou Khalil,

Anthony Nemer

et al.

Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 7(2), P. 119 - 121

Published: Jan. 4, 2021

In April 2020, after decades of discussions and controversy, the Lebanese parliament voted a law legalizing cultivation, production, sale cannabis for medicinal purposes. Although leaves several unanswered questions awaits implementation, symbolic nature this step in recognizing positive role local economy is significant on regional level. The Arab world has traditionally been conservative when it comes to all drugs-related policies. Cannabis largely demonized with heavy sentences served anyone suspected using selling, let alone planting cannabis. Despite few countries considered producers consumers substances, governing authorities have remained immune liberalization trend encountered western countries. social experiment taking place Lebanon fraught risks, given unstable political situation chronic economic challenges. reactions mixed scientific bodies such as Psychiatric Society criticizing absence proper consultation stakeholders. consistency enforcing established drugs policies or seriously debating decriminalization use raises concerns over establishment two-tier approach toward drugs, driven solely by imperatives.

Language: Английский

The Public Health Effects of Legalizing Marijuana DOI
D. Mark Anderson, Daniel I. Rees

Journal of Economic Literature, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 61(1), P. 86 - 143

Published: March 1, 2023

Thirty-six states have legalized medical marijuana and 18 the use of for recreational purposes. In this paper, we review literature on public health consequences legalizing marijuana, focusing studies that appeared in economics journals as well leading policy, health, journals. Among outcomes considered are: youth use, alcohol consumption, abuse prescription opioids, traffic fatalities, crime. For some these outcomes, there is a near consensus regarding effects laws (MMLs). As an example, leveraging geographic temporal variation MMLs, researchers produced little credible evidence to suggest legalization promotes among teenagers. Likewise, convincing young adults consume less when legalized. other such mortality involving effect has proven more difficult gauge and, consequence, are comfortable drawing firm conclusions. Finally, it not yet clear how purposes will affect important outcomes. We be able draw stronger conclusions posttreatment data collected recently marijuana. (JEL I12, I18, K32, K42, R41)

Language: Английский

Citations

40
Designing Difference-in-Difference Studies with Staggered Treatment Adoption: Key Concepts and Practical Guidelines DOI
Coady Wing, Madeline Yozwiak, Alex Hollingsworth

et al.

Annual Review of Public Health, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 45(1), P. 485 - 505

Published: Jan. 26, 2024

Difference-in-difference (DID) estimators are a valuable method for identifying causal effects in the public health researcher's toolkit. A growing methods literature points out potential problems with DID when treatment is staggered adoption and varies time. Despite this, no practical guide exists addressing these new critiques research. We illustrate concepts step-by-step examples, code, checklist. draw insights by comparing simple 2 × design (single group, single control two time periods) more complex cases: additional treated groups, periods of treatment, possibly varying over outline newly uncovered threats to interpretation estimates solutions has proposed, relying on decomposition that shows how DIDs an average simpler subexperiments.

Language: Английский

Citations

18
Trends in Cannabis Involvement and Risk of Alcohol Involvement in Motor Vehicle Crash Fatalities in the United States, 2000‒2018 DOI
Marlene C. Lira, Timothy Heeren,

Magdalena Buczek

et al.

American Journal of Public Health, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 111(11), P. 1976 - 1985

Published: Oct. 28, 2021

To assess cannabis and alcohol involvement among motor vehicle crash (MVC) fatalities in the United States.

Language: Английский

Citations

47
Adult use of highly-potent Δ9-THC cannabis concentrate products by U.S. state cannabis legalization status, 2021 DOI
Deborah S. Hasin, Jacob T. Borodovsky, Dvora Shmulewitz

et al.

Addictive Behaviors, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 140, P. 107617 - 107617

Published: Jan. 9, 2023

Language: Английский

Citations

20
Use of highly-potent cannabis concentrate products: More common in U.S. states with recreational or medical cannabis laws DOI Creative Commons
Deborah S. Hasin, Jacob T. Borodovsky, Dvora Shmulewitz

et al.

Drug and Alcohol Dependence, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 229, P. 109159 - 109159

Published: Oct. 29, 2021

Language: Английский

Citations

35
Relationships of Cannabis Policy Liberalization With Alcohol Use and Co-Use With Cannabis: A Narrative Review DOI Open Access
Rosalie Liccardo Pacula

Alcohol research, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 41(1)

Published: Jan. 1, 2022

The liberalization of cannabis policies has the potential to affect use other substances and harms from using them, particularly alcohol. Although a previous review this literature found conflicting results regarding relationship between policy alcohol-related outcomes, have continued evolve rapidly in years since that review.The authors conducted narrative studies published January 1, 2015, December 31, 2020, assessed effects on alcohol United States or Canada.The initial search identified 3,446 unique monographs. Of these, 23 met all inclusion criteria were included review, five captured simultaneous concurrent cannabis.Associations use, co-use inconclusive, with finding positive associations, no negative associations. several was associated decreases measures, these same showed impact itself. lack consistent association robust subject age, outcome measure (e.g., medical utilization, driving), type policy; however, may be due small number for each outcome. This paper discusses notable limitations evidence base offers suggestions improving consistency comparability research going forward, including stronger classification policy, measures environment, verification consideration mediation effects.

Language: Английский

Citations

28
The Impact of Cannabis Decriminalization and Legalization on Road Safety Outcomes: A Systematic Review DOI

Sarah B. Windle,

Peter Socha, José Ignacio Nazif‐Muñoz

et al.

American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 63(6), P. 1037 - 1052

Published: Sept. 25, 2022

Language: Английский

Citations

28
Facing the option for the legalisation of cannabis use and supply in New Zealand: An overview of relevant evidence, concepts and considerations DOI Creative Commons
Benedikt Fischer, Dimitri Daldegan‐Bueno, Joseph M. Boden

et al.

Drug and Alcohol Review, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 39(5), P. 555 - 567

Published: May 20, 2020

Abstract Issues Non‐medical cannabis policies are changing, including towards legalisation‐with‐regulation frameworks. New Zealand will hold a public referendum on legalisation in 2020. We reviewed data use and health/social harms; policy reform options; experiences with outcomes of reforms elsewhere; other relevant considerations informing choices the upcoming referendum. Approach Relevant epidemiological, health, social, criminal justice studies were identified comprehensively reviewed. Key Findings Cannabis is common (including Zealand) associated risks for health social harms, mainly concentrated young users; key harms attributable to criminalisation. ‘Decriminalisation’ have produced ambivalent results. Existing frameworks vary considerably main parameters. Legalisation offers some distinct advantages, example regulated use, products user education, yet depend essential regulation parameters, commercialisation, ecologies. While major changes not observed, inconclusive date, mixed outcomes, select increasing resilient illegal markets. It unclear whether reduces exposure or (e.g. from enforcement) youth. Implications/Conclusions No conclusive overall evidence elsewhere exists, nor easily transferable settings. direct benefits adults, impacts uncertain. may categorically improve remains well‐intended, while experimental option more measured sensible control greater coherence, requiring close monitoring possible adjustments depending setting‐specific outcomes.

Language: Английский

Citations

37
Impact of recreational marijuana legalization on crime: Evidence from Oregon DOI
Guangzhen Wu, Ming Wen, Fernando A. Wilson

et al.

Journal of Criminal Justice, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 72, P. 101742 - 101742

Published: Oct. 9, 2020

Language: Английский

Citations

31
Medicinal cannabis and driving: the intersection of health and road safety policy DOI Creative Commons
Daniel Perkins,

Hugh Brophy,

Iain S. McGregor

et al.

International Journal of Drug Policy, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 97, P. 103307 - 103307

Published: June 6, 2021

Recent shifting attitudes towards the medical use of cannabis has seen legal access pathways established in many jurisdictions North America, Europe and Australasia. However, positioning as a legitimate product produces some tensions with other regulatory frameworks. A notable example this is so-called 'zero tolerance' drug driving frameworks, which criminalise presence THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) driver's bodily fluids irrespective impairment. Here we undertake an analysis policy issue based on case study introduction medicinal Australia.We examine approaches used for managing road safety risks associated potentially impairing prescription medicines illicit drugs Australian jurisdictions, well providing overview evidence relating to risk, unintended impacts 'zero-tolerance' approach patients, regulation comparable jurisdictions.Road appear similar or lower than numerous medications. The application presence-based offences patients appears derive from historical status prohibited no application. This resulting patient harms including criminal sanctions when not impaired using directed by their doctor, forfeiting car related mobility. Others who need drive are excluded accessing needed medication therapeutic benefit. 'Medical exemptions' included Australia (e.g. methadone) demonstrate feasible alternative approach.We conclude that medical-only models there little justify differential treatment compared those taking medications effects.

Language: Английский

Citations

26