Lower-Risk Cannabis Use Guidelines (LRCUG) for reducing health harms from non-medical cannabis use: A comprehensive evidence and recommendations update

International Journal of Drug Policy, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 99, P. 103381 - 103381

Published: Aug. 28, 2021

Cannabis use is common, especially among young people, and associated with risks for various health harms. Some jurisdictions have recently moved to legalization/regulation pursuing public goals. Evidence-based 'Lower Risk Use Guidelines' (LRCUG) recommendations were previously developed reduce modifiable risk factors of cannabis-related adverse outcomes; related evidence has evolved substantially since. We aimed review new scientific develop comprehensively up-to-date LRCUG, including their recommendations, on this basis. Targeted searches literature (since 2016) main outcomes by the user-individual conducted. Topical areas informed previous LRCUG content expanded upon current evidence. Searches preferentially focused systematic reviews, supplemented key individual studies. The results evidence-graded, topically organized narratively summarized; through an iterative expert consensus development process. A substantial body cannabis use-related harms identified varying quality. Twelve substantive recommendation clusters three precautionary statements developed. In general, suggests that individuals can if they delay onset until after adolescence, avoid high-potency (THC) products high-frequency/-intensity use, refrain from smoking-routes administration. While people are particularly vulnerable harms, other sub-groups (e.g., pregnant women, drivers, older adults, those co-morbidities) advised exercise particular caution risks. Legal/regulated should be used where possible. result in outcomes, mostly higher-risk use. Reducing help offer one targeted intervention component within a comprehensive approach They require effective audience-tailoring dissemination, regular updating as become available, evaluated impact.

Language: Английский

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Is legalization of recreational cannabis associated with levels of use and cannabis use disorder among youth in the United States? A rapid systematic review

European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 33(3), P. 701 - 723

Published: May 4, 2022

Language: Английский

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Risk-thresholds for the association between frequency of cannabis use and the development of psychosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Psychological Medicine, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 53(9), P. 3858 - 3868

Published: March 24, 2022

Abstract Background Epidemiological studies show a dose–response association between cannabis use and the risk of psychosis. This review aimed to determine whether there are identifiable risk-thresholds frequency psychosis development. Methods Systematic search Embase, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Web Science for relevant (1 January 2010–26 April 2021). Case–control or cohort that investigated relationship development reported effect estimates [odds ratios (OR), hazard (HR), (RR)] raw data calculate them, with information on consumption were included. Effect extracted from individual converted RR. Two-stage multivariable meta-analytic models utilized sensitivity analyses conducted. The Newcastle Ottawa Scale was used assess bias included studies. Results Ten original (three cohorts, seven case–control) included, including 7390 participants an age range 12–65 years. Random-effect model meta-analyses showed significant log-linear A restricted cubic-splines provided best fit data, significantly increasing weekly more frequent [RR = 1.01, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.93–1.11 yearly; RR 1.10, CI 0.97–1.25 monthly; 1.35, 1.19–1.52 weekly; 1.76, 1.47–2.12 daily] Conclusion Individuals using frequently at increased psychosis, no associated less use. Public health prevention messages should convey these risk-thresholds, which be refined through further work.

Language: Английский

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Assessing options for cannabis law reform: A Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) with stakeholders in New Zealand

International Journal of Drug Policy, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 105, P. 103712 - 103712

Published: May 7, 2022

A number of jurisdictions are considering or implementing different options for cannabis law reform, including New Zealand. Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) helps facilitate the resolution complex policy decisions by breaking them down into key criteria and drawing on combined knowledge experts from various backgrounds.To rank reform facilitating expert stakeholders to express preferences projected outcomes using MCDA.A group eight (i.e., prohibition, decriminalization, social clubs, government monopoly, not-for-profit trusts, strict regulation, light unrestricted market) based five health harm, illegal market size, arrests, tax income, treatment services). facilitated workshop 42 national expressed doing so generated relative weights each criterion level. The resulting were then used options.The weighting were: "reducing harm" (46%), arrests" (31%), market" (13%), "expanding treatment" (8%) "earning tax" (2%). top ranked "government monopoly" (81%), "not-for-profit" (73%) "strict regulation" (65%). These three received higher scores due their lower impact medium reduction in market. "lightly regulated option scored largely its greater increase harm. "Prohibition" lowest lack reducing arrests size market.Strictly legal than both current alternatively, more lightly options, as they minimize harms while substantially

Language: Английский

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Recommendations for Reducing the Risk of Cannabis Use-Related Adverse Psychosis Outcomes: A Public Mental Health-Oriented Evidence Review

Journal of Dual Diagnosis, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 19(2-3), P. 71 - 96

Published: July 3, 2023

Objective: Cannabis use is increasingly normalized; psychosis a major adverse health outcome. We reviewed evidence on cannabis use-related risk factors for outcomes at different stages toward recommendations reduction by individuals involved in use. Methods: searched primary databases pertinent literature/data 2016 onward, principally relying reviews and high-quality studies which were narratively summarized quality-graded; developed international expert consensus. Results: Genetic risks, mental health/substance problem histories elevate the risks cannabis-related psychosis. Early age-of-use-onset, frequency-of-use, product composition (i.e., THC potency), mode other substance co-use all influence risks; protective effects of CBD are uncertain. Continuous may adversely affect psychosis-related treatment medication effects. Risk factor combinations further amplify odds outcomes. Conclusions: Reductions identified factors—short abstinence—may decrease related outcomes, thereby protect users' health.

Language: Английский

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Ex-Ante Analysis of the Costs and Benefits of Legalizing Cannabis Markets in the Czech Republic

Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 1 - 27

Published: March 27, 2025

Abstract Cannabis is the most commonly used illicit drug worldwide. In countries with repressive policies, costs of its prohibition plausibly outweigh benefits. We conduct a cost–benefit analysis cannabis legalization and regulation in Czech Republic, taking into consideration alternative scenarios designed using parameters from known effects selected U.S. states, Canada, Uruguay. Our focuses on tax revenues, law enforcement costs, cost treatment harm reduction, value Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALYs). Under all projected scenarios, identified benefits legalizing for personal use exceed potential costs. The estimated net social benefit range 34.4 to 107.6 million EUR per year (or between 3.2 10.1 capita), depending size market development prices after legalization.

Language: Английский

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Getting “The whole picture”: A review of international research on the outcomes of regulated cannabis supply

International Journal of Drug Policy, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 142, P. 104796 - 104796

Published: May 19, 2025

Several jurisdictions have pursued reforms that regulate cannabis production and/or sale for adult (non-medical) use. Looking at outcomes of such across multiple may help to identify are inherent non-criminal supply, as well provide insight into the specific regulation models. We identified nine indicators policy and aggregated them three domains (social outcomes, in use, health-related outcomes). assessed these five with different models regulating supply (Netherlands, Spain, U.S. states legalized cannabis, Uruguay, Canada). used a three-level systematic literature review, prioritising studies quasi-experimental design (i.e. comparative longitudinal). categorised according their type outcome (increase, decrease, or no outcome). Across long-standing recent regimes, our review common outcomes: decrease cannabis-related arrests, an increase (but not adolescent) healthcare utilization (not traffic-related). Negative were most consistently found legalised non-medicinal use (there limitations nuancing states). In remaining (the Netherlands, Canada, Uruguay), time-frame was limited, on certain lacking. Regulating be associated benefits social area potential harms regarding public health; there though trade-offs depending choice model. Jurisdictions attempt mix match present achieve best ratio harms. More research parameters influencing is needed.

Language: Английский

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Developments and Changes in Primary Public Health Outcome Indicators Associated with the Legalization of Non-Medical Cannabis Use and Supply in Canada (2018): A Comprehensive Overview

International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 22(4), P. 2291 - 2305

Published: Dec. 27, 2022

Language: Английский

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Visions of Cannabis Control

Oxford University Press eBooks, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Dec. 7, 2023

Abstract Visions of Cannabis Control documents the history cannabis policy and role racism, labelling, stigmatization. The book argues that these problems stem from failure to properly frame prohibition as result moral panics have been instigated, perpetuated, sustained in ways are difficult dislodge. Stan Cohen argued reforms designed replace carceral tendencies within correctional institutions often extend such approaches into our communities. idea criminal justice reproduce what they were intended disrupt is depressing provocative. It remains relevant revolution currently underway around world. Racial disparities arrests persist, exacerbated by laws make it legal possess but illegal consume anywhere your home. Too often, liberalization comes at cost expanding paternalistic public health models abstention-based diversion programs. Finally, goal dismantling disrupting illicit markets has undermined onerous regulations, anemic marketing efforts, promote consumer-centered approaches. Emphasizing goals ahead market conditions complicates an industry. To understand future policy, examines experience six countries several US states through lens criminological theory, recent research, practice. presents options guide responsible regulation extensive research practice, finally concluding sustaining reform will require ensuring those affected policies consulted, respected, included.

Language: Английский

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Primary crime-related outcome indicators associated with recreational cannabis legalization: a comprehensive literature and data review

Crime Law and Social Change, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 82(3), P. 685 - 715

Published: July 23, 2024

Language: Английский

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