Antibiotic resistance in microbes: History, mechanisms, therapeutic strategies and future prospects

Journal of Infection and Public Health, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 14(12), P. 1750 - 1766

Published: Oct. 25, 2021

Antibiotics have been used to cure bacterial infections for more than 70 years, and these low-molecular-weight bioactive agents also a variety of other medicinal applications. In the battle against microbes, antibiotics certainly blessing human civilization by saving millions lives. Globally, caused multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria are on rise. being combat diversified infections. Synthetic biology techniques, in combination with molecular, functional genomic, metagenomic studies bacteria, plants, even marine invertebrates aimed at unlocking world's natural products faster previous methods antibiotic discovery. There currently only few viable remedies, potential preventive limited number antibiotics, thereby necessitating discovery innovative approaches antimicrobial therapies. MDR is facilitated biofilms, which makes infection control complex. this review, we spotlighted comprehensively various aspects viz. overview era, mode actions development mechanisms resistance future strategies fight emerging resistant threat.

Language: Английский

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Antimicrobial Resistance: A Growing Serious Threat for Global Public Health

Healthcare, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 11(13), P. 1946 - 1946

Published: July 5, 2023

Antibiotics are among the most important discoveries of 20th century, having saved millions lives from infectious diseases. Microbes have developed acquired antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to many drugs due high selection pressure increasing use and misuse antibiotics over years. The transmission acquisition AMR occur primarily via a human–human interface both within outside healthcare facilities. A huge number interdependent factors related agriculture govern development through various drug-resistance mechanisms. emergence spread unrestricted antimicrobials in livestock feed has been major contributing factor. prevalence antimicrobial-resistant bacteria attained an incongruous level worldwide threatens global public health as silent pandemic, necessitating urgent intervention. Therapeutic options infections caused by limited, resulting significant morbidity mortality with financial impact. paucity discovery supply new novel treat life-threatening resistant pathogens stands sharp contrast demand. Immediate interventions contain include surveillance monitoring, minimizing over-the-counter food animals, access quality affordable medicines, vaccines diagnostics, enforcement legislation. An orchestrated collaborative action between multiple national international organizations is required urgently, otherwise, postantibiotic era can be more real possibility than apocalyptic fantasy for 21st century. This narrative review highlights on this basis, mechanisms microbial resistance, key strategies combat resistance.

Language: Английский

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Origin of Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance, and Their Impacts on Drug Development: A Narrative Review

Pharmaceuticals, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 16(11), P. 1615 - 1615

Published: Nov. 15, 2023

Antibiotics have revolutionized medicine, saving countless lives since their discovery in the early 20th century. However, origin of antibiotics is now overshadowed by alarming rise antibiotic resistance. This global crisis stems from relentless adaptability microorganisms, driven misuse and overuse antibiotics. article explores subsequent emergence It delves into mechanisms employed bacteria to develop resistance, highlighting dire consequences drug including compromised patient care, increased mortality rates, escalating healthcare costs. The elucidates latest strategies against drug-resistant encompassing innovative approaches such as phage therapy, CRISPR-Cas9 technology, exploration natural compounds. Moreover, it examines profound impact resistance on development, rendering pursuit new economically challenging. limitations challenges developing novel are discussed, along with hurdles regulatory process that hinder progress this critical field. Proposals for modifying facilitate development presented. withdrawal major pharmaceutical firms research examined, potential re-engage interest. also outlines initiatives overcome economic incentivize emphasizing international collaborations partnerships. Finally, sheds light government-led a specific focus Middle East. discusses proactive measures taken governments region, Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates, combat threat. In face multifaceted approach imperative. provides valuable insights complex landscape challenges, collaborative efforts required ensure future where remain effective tools safeguarding public health.

Language: Английский

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Antimicrobial resistance: Impacts, challenges, and future prospects

Journal of Medicine Surgery and Public Health, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 2, P. 100081 - 100081

Published: March 2, 2024

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a critical global health issue driven by antibiotic misuse and overuse in various sectors, leading to the emergence of resistant microorganisms. The history AMR dates back discovery penicillin, with rise multidrug-resistant pathogens posing significant challenges healthcare systems worldwide. antibiotics human animal health, as well agriculture, contributes spread genes, creating "Silent Pandemic" that could surpass other causes mortality 2050. affects both humans animals, treating infections. Various mechanisms, such enzymatic modification biofilm formation, enable microbes withstand effects antibiotics. lack effective threatens routine medical procedures lead millions deaths annually if left unchecked. economic impact substantial, projected losses trillions dollars financial burdens on agriculture. Artificial intelligence being explored tool combat improving diagnostics treatment strategies, although data quality algorithmic biases exist. To address effectively, One Health approach considers human, animal, environmental factors crucial. This includes enhancing surveillance systems, promoting stewardship programs, investing research development for new antimicrobial options. Public awareness, education, international collaboration are essential combating preserving efficacy future generations.

Language: Английский

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Strategies to Improve Antimicrobial Utilization with a Special Focus on Developing Countries

Life, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 11(6), P. 528 - 528

Published: June 7, 2021

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a high priority across countries as it increases morbidity, mortality and costs. Concerns with AMR have resulted in multiple initiatives internationally, nationally regionally to enhance appropriate antibiotic utilization sectors reduce AMR, the overuse of antibiotics exacerbated by COVID-19 pandemic. Effectively tackling crucial for all countries. Principally narrative review ongoing activities was undertaken improve antimicrobial use address issues vaccines including COVID-19. Point prevalence surveys been successful hospitals identify areas quality improvement programs, principally centering on stewardship programs. These include reducing prolonged prevent surgical site infections. Multiple education inappropriate prescribing dispensing antimicrobials ambulatory care essentially viral infections such acute respiratory It imperative develop new indicators given current concerns, instigate programs clear public health messaging misinformation, essential pandemics. Regular access effective treatments needed HIV, malaria tuberculosis. Key stakeholder groups can AMR. need be followed up.

Language: Английский

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Review on Multiple Facets of Drug Resistance: A Rising Challenge in the 21st Century

Journal of Xenobiotics, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 11(4), P. 197 - 214

Published: Dec. 13, 2021

With the advancements of science, antibiotics have emerged as an amazing gift to human and animal healthcare sectors for treatment bacterial infections other diseases. However, evolution new strains, along with excessive use reckless consumption led unfolding antibiotic resistances level. Multidrug resistance is a potential threat worldwide, escalating at extremely high rate. Information related drug resistance, its regulation control are still very little. To interpret onset resistances, investigation on molecular analysis genes, their distribution mechanisms urgently required. Fine-tuned research profile regarding ESKAPE pathogen also necessary multidrug resistant bacteria. In present scenario, interaction SARS-CoV-2 crucial. Tracking in-silico various or gene/s crucial overcoming problem, thus, maintenance relevant databases wise should be promoted. Creating awareness this critical situation among individuals every level important strengthen fight against fast-growing calamity. The review aimed provide detailed information regulatory responsible information. article, we tried focus correlation between antimicrobial COVID-19 pandemic. This study will help in developing interventions, approaches, strategies handle complexity prevent incidences life-threatening infections.

Language: Английский

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Antibiotic Discovery and Resistance: The Chase and the Race

Antibiotics, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 11(2), P. 182 - 182

Published: Jan. 30, 2022

The history of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) evolution and the diversity environmental resistome indicate that AMR is an ancient natural phenomenon. Acquired a public health concern influenced by anthropogenic use antibiotics, leading to selection resistant genes. Data show spreading globally at different rates, outpacing all efforts mitigate this crisis. search for new antibiotic classes one key strategies in fight against AMR. Since 1980s, newly marketed antibiotics were either modifications or improvements known molecules. World Health Organization (WHO) describes current pipeline as bleak, warns about scarcity leads. A quantitative qualitative analysis pre-clinical clinical indicates few may reach market years, predominantly not those fit innovative requirements tackle challenging spread Diversity innovation are mainstays cope with rapid discovery development must address old novel antibiotics. Here, we review challenges describe leads mechanisms expected replenish pipeline, while maintaining promising possibility shift chase race between AMR, preserving effectiveness, meeting requirements.

Language: Английский

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Tackling antimicrobial resistance across sub-Saharan Africa: current challenges and implications for the future

Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 21(8), P. 1089 - 1111

Published: July 23, 2022

Introduction Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a concern as this increases morbidity, mortality, and costs, with sub-Saharan Africa having the highest rates globally. Concerns rising AMR have resulted in international, Pan-African, country activities including development of national action plans (NAPs). However, there variable implementation across key challenges persisting.Areas covered Consequently, an urgent need to document current NAP provide future guidance. This builds on narrative review literature.Expert Opinion All surveyed African countries developed their NAPs; however, implementation. Countries Botswana Namibia are yet officially launch NAPs Eswatini only recently launching its NAP. Cameroon further ahead than these countries; though concerns South appears made greatest strides implementing regular monitoring instigation antimicrobial stewardship programs. Key remain Africa. These include available personnel, expertise, capacity, resources undertake agreed active surveillance, lack focal points drive NAPs, competing demands priorities among donors. being addressed, co-ordinated efforts needed reduce AMR.

Language: Английский

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Potential Causes of Spread of Antimicrobial Resistance and Preventive Measures in One Health Perspective-A Review

Infection and Drug Resistance, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: Volume 16, P. 7515 - 7545

Published: Dec. 1, 2023

Abstract: Antimicrobial resistance, referring to microorganisms' capability subsist and proliferate even when there are antimicrobials is a foremost threat public health globally. The appearance of antimicrobial resistance can be ascribed anthropological, animal, environmental factors. Human-related causes include overuse misuse in medicine, antibiotic-containing cosmetics biocides utilization, inadequate sanitation hygiene settings. Prophylactic therapeutic overuse, using as feed additives, microbes resistant antibiotics genes animal excreta, residue found animal-origin food excreta animals related contributive factors for the antibiotic emergence spread. Environmental including naturally existing genes, improper disposal unused antimicrobials, contamination from waste settings, farms, pharmaceutical industries, use agricultural chemicals facilitatet its Wildlife has plausible role Adopting one-health approach involving properly humans, improving spaces implementing coordinated governmental regulations crucial combating resistance. Collaborative cooperative involvement stakeholders public, veterinary ecological sectors circumvent problem effectively. Keywords: one health, gene, environment, wildlife

Language: Английский

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Global Strategies to Combat Antimicrobial Resistance: A One Health Perspective

Pharmacology &amp Pharmacy, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14(08), P. 271 - 328

Published: Jan. 1, 2023

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health challenge that has escalated due to the inappropriate use of antimicrobials in humans, animals, and environment. Developing implementing strategies reduce combat AMR critical. Purpose: This study aimed highlight some can be implemented address using One Health approach. Methods: employed narrative review design included studies published from January 2002 July 2023. The searched for literature on antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) PubMed Google Scholar 2020 PRISMA guidelines. Results: reveals remains significant public problem. Its severity been markedly exacerbated by broader ecological Several have developed AMR, including Global Action Plan (GAP), National Plans (NAPs), AMS programs, implementation AWaRe classification antimicrobials. These also involve strengthening surveillance consumption resistance, encouraging development new antimicrobials, enhancing regulations around prescribing, dispensing, usage. Additional measures include promoting partnerships, combating substandard falsified advocating vaccinations, sanitation, hygiene biosecurity, as well exploring alternatives However, these faces various challenges. challenges low awareness knowledge shortage human resources capacity building AMS, adequate funding initiatives, limited laboratory capacities surveillance, behavioural change issues, ineffective leadership multidisciplinary teams. Conclusion: In conclusion, this established prevalent among Successfully addressing calls collaborative, multifaceted Despite this, gaps remain effectively currently recommended AMR. As result, it essential reinforce are deployed counter across human, animal, environmental sectors.

Language: Английский

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