Long-Term Effects of Cannabis on Brain Structure

Neuropsychopharmacology, Journal Year: 2014, Volume and Issue: 39(9), P. 2041 - 2048

Published: March 17, 2014

The dose-dependent toxicity of the main psychoactive component cannabis in brain regions rich cannabinoid CB1 receptors is well known animal studies. However, research humans does not show common findings across studies regarding that are affected after long-term exposure to cannabis. In present study, we investigate (using Voxel-based Morphometry) gray matter changes a group regular smokers comparison with occasional matched by years use. We provide evidence use associated volume reduction medial temporal cortex, pole, parahippocampal gyrus, insula, and orbitofrontal cortex; these functionally motivational, emotional, affective processing. Furthermore, correlate frequency 3 months before inclusion study. age onset drug also influences magnitude changes. Significant could result either from heavy consumption unrelated or instead recreational initiated at an adolescent age. contrast, larger detected cerebellum without any correlation monthly may be related developmental (ontogenic) processes occur adolescence.

Language: Английский

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Cannabis and adolescent brain development

Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Journal Year: 2014, Volume and Issue: 148, P. 1 - 16

Published: Nov. 20, 2014

Language: Английский

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Effects of Cannabis on Neurocognitive Functioning: Recent Advances, Neurodevelopmental Influences, and Sex Differences

Neuropsychology Review, Journal Year: 2012, Volume and Issue: 23(2), P. 117 - 137

Published: Nov. 5, 2012

Language: Английский

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Gone to Pot – A Review of the Association between Cannabis and Psychosis

Frontiers in Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2014, Volume and Issue: 5

Published: May 22, 2014

Cannabis is the most commonly used illicit drug worldwide, with approximately 5 million daily users worldwide. Emerging evidence supports a number of associations between cannabis and psychosis/psychotic disorders, including schizophrenia. These based on case-studies, surveys, epidemiological studies, experimental studies indicate that cannabinoids can produce acute, transient effects; persistent effects as well delayed, recapitulate psychopathology psychophysiology seen in psychotic illness such Acute exposure to both synthetic (Spice/ K2) full range psychotomimetic symptoms, cognitive deficits, psychophysiological abnormalities bear striking resemblance symptoms In individuals an established disorder, exacerbate trigger relapse, have negative consequences course illness. Several factors appear moderate these associations, family history, genetic factors, history childhood abuse, age at onset use. Exposure adolescence confers higher risk for psychosis outcomes later life dose-related. Individuals polymorphisms COMT AKT1 genes may be increased disorders association cannabinoids, are or trauma. The relationship schizophrenia fulfills many but not all standard criteria causality, temporality, biological gradient, plausibility, evidence, consistency, coherence. At present time, indicates "component cause" emergence psychosis, warrants serious consideration from point view public health policy.

Language: Английский

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Changes in hippocampal morphology and neuroplasticity induced by adolescent THC treatment are associated with cognitive impairment in adulthood

Hippocampus, Journal Year: 2009, Volume and Issue: 19(8), P. 763 - 772

Published: Jan. 20, 2009

Abstract Marijuana and hashish are the illicit drugs most frequently used by human adolescents. Given continued neurodevelopment throughout adolescence, adolescents may be more vulnerable than adults to certain neural consequences of heavy marijuana use. This study aimed assess whether an experimental model adolescent chronic exposure Δ 9 ‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), induce lasting effects on learning memory. Adolescent rats have been treated with THC or its vehicle from 35 45 postnatal days (PND) left undisturbed until their adulthood (75 PND) when aversive spatial memory was assessed using passive avoidance radial maze tasks. No alteration found in memory, but pretreated animals exhibited a worse performance vehicles, suggesting deficit working To correlate impairment altered neuroplasticity, level marker proteins investigated hippocampus, relevant area mediating A significant decrease astroglial glial fibrillar acid protein as well pre‐ postsynaptic expression (VAMP2, PSD95) NMDA receptor levels rats. parallel these changes dendritic morphology, Golgi‐Cox staining performed hippocampal dentate gyrus. Pretreated had significantly lower total length number reduced spine density. Our data suggest that establish less synaptic contacts and/or efficient connections hippocampus this could represent molecular underpinning cognitive induced treatment. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

Language: Английский

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Grey matter alterations associated with cannabis use: Results of a VBM study in heavy cannabis users and healthy controls

NeuroImage, Journal Year: 2011, Volume and Issue: 59(4), P. 3845 - 3851

Published: Sept. 29, 2011

Language: Английский

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Residual effects of cannabis use on neurocognitive performance after prolonged abstinence: A meta-analysis.

Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, Journal Year: 2012, Volume and Issue: 20(5), P. 420 - 429

Published: June 27, 2012

Cannabis is the most widely used illicit drug in U.S., and number of licit users rising. Lasting neurocognitive changes or deficits as a result use are frequently noted despite lack clarity scientific literature. In an effort to resolve inconsistencies evidence lasting residual effects cannabis use, we conducted two meta-analyses. First, updated previous meta-analysis on broad nonacute cognitive through inclusion newer studies. second meta-analysis, focused for by including only studies that tested after at least 25 days abstinence. first 33 met criteria. Results indicated small negative effect global performance well domains assessed. Unfortunately, methodological limitations these prevented exclusion withdrawal symptoms explanation observed effects. 13 original no significant any eight assessed domains. Overall, meta-analyses demonstrate attributable either residue limited Furthermore, there was enduring use.

Language: Английский

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Characterizing the cognitive effects of cocaine: A comprehensive review

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, Journal Year: 2013, Volume and Issue: 37(8), P. 1838 - 1859

Published: July 20, 2013

Language: Английский

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Medial temporal structures and memory functions in adolescents with heavy cannabis use

Journal of Psychiatric Research, Journal Year: 2011, Volume and Issue: 45(8), P. 1055 - 1066

Published: Feb. 6, 2011

Language: Английский

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The Role of Cannabinoids in Neuroanatomic Alterations in Cannabis Users

Biological Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 79(7), P. e17 - e31

Published: Dec. 4, 2015

The past few decades have seen a marked change in the composition of commonly smoked cannabis. These changes primarily involve an increase psychoactive compound ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and decrease potentially therapeutic cannabidiol (CBD). This altered cannabis may be linked to persistent neuroanatomic alterations typically regular users. In this review, we summarize recent findings from human structural neuroimaging investigations. We examine whether are 1) consistently observed samples users, particularly cannabinoid receptor–high areas, which vulnerable effects high circulating levels THC, 2) associated either with greater use (e.g., higher dosage, longer duration, earlier age onset) or distinct compounds (i.e., THC CBD). Across 31 studies selected for inclusion emerged across regions that receptors hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, amygdala, cerebellum). Greater dose onset were these alterations. Preliminary evidence shows exacerbates, whereas CBD protects from, such harmful effects. Methodologic differences quantification prevent accurate assessment exposure direct comparison studies. Consequently, field lacks large "consortium-style" data sets can used develop reliable neurobiological models cannabis-related harm, recovery, protection. To move forward, encourage coordinated approach suggest urgent development consensus-based guidelines accurately comprehensively quantify

Language: Английский

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