Energy and Buildings,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
211, P. 109761 - 109761
Published: Jan. 10, 2020
People's
subjective
response
to
any
thermal
environment
is
commonly
investigated
by
using
rating
scales
describing
the
degree
of
sensation,
comfort,
and
acceptability.
Subsequent
analyses
results
collected
in
this
way
rely
on
assumption
that
specific
distances
between
verbal
anchors
placed
scale
exist
relationships
from
different
dimensions
are
assessed
(e.g.
sensation
comfort)
do
not
change.
Another
inherent
such
independent
context
which
they
used
(climate
zone,
season,
etc.).
Despite
their
use
worldwide,
there
indication
contextual
differences
influence
perceived
therefore
question
reliability
scales'
interpretation.
To
address
issue,
a
large
international
collaborative
questionnaire
study
was
conducted
26
countries,
21
languages,
led
dataset
8225
questionnaires.
Results,
analysed
means
robust
statistical
techniques,
revealed
only
subset
responses
accordance
with
mentioned
assumptions.
Significant
appeared
groups
participants
perception
scales,
both
relation
scales.
It
also
found
respondents'
interpretations
changed
factors,
as
climate,
language.
These
findings
highlight
need
carefully
consider
context-dependent
factors
interpreting
reporting
comfort
studies
or
post-occupancy
evaluations,
well
revisit
analysis
methods
improve
reliability.
Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
7
Published: Feb. 25, 2020
Adipose
tissue
plays
essential
roles
in
maintaining
lipid
and
glucose
homeostasis.
To
date
several
types
of
adipose
have
been
identified,
namely
white,
brown,
beige,
that
reside
various
specific
anatomical
locations
throughout
the
body.
The
cellular
composition,
secretome,
location
these
depots
define
their
function
health
metabolic
disease.
In
obesity,
becomes
dysfunctional,
promoting
a
pro-inflammatory,
hyperlipidemic
insulin
resistant
environment
contributes
to
type
2
diabetes
mellitus
(T2DM).
Concurrently,
similar
features
result
from
dysfunction
also
promote
cardiovascular
disease
(CVD)
by
mechanisms
can
be
augmented
T2DM.
which
dysfunctional
simultaneously
T2DM
CVD,
focusing
on
depot-specific
adipokines,
inflammatory
profiles,
metabolism,
will
focus
this
review.
impact
CVD
treatment
strategies
body
weight
discussed.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
Journal Year:
2017,
Volume and Issue:
114(32), P. 8649 - 8654
Published: July 24, 2017
Human
brown
adipose
tissue
(BAT)
can
be
activated
to
increase
glucose
uptake
and
energy
expenditure,
making
it
a
potential
target
for
treating
obesity
metabolic
disease.
Data
on
the
functional
anatomic
characteristics
of
BAT
are
limited,
however.
In
20
healthy
young
men
[12
lean,
mean
body
mass
index
(BMI)
23.2
±
1.9
kg/m2;
8
obese,
BMI
34.8
3.3
kg/m2]
after
5
h
tolerable
cold
exposure,
we
measured
volume
activity
by
18F-labeled
fluorodeoxyglucose
positron
emission
tomography/computerized
tomography
(PET/CT).
Obese
had
less
than
lean
(mean,
130
vs.
334
mL)
but
more
fat
in
BAT-containing
depots
1,646
855
with
wide
range
(0.1-71%)
ratio
inactive
between
individuals.
Six
regions
BAT-cervical,
supraclavicular,
axillary,
mediastinal,
paraspinal,
abdominal-with
67
20%
all
concentrated
continuous
fascial
layer
comprising
first
three
upper
torso.
These
nonsubcutaneous
amounted
1.5%
total
(4.3%
mass),
up
90%
each
depot
could
BAT.
The
amount
was
significantly
influenced
region
interest
selection
methods,
PET
threshold
criteria,
resolutions.
present
study
suggests
that
active
found
specific
adult
humans,
one-half
these
is
stimulated
acute
demonstrating
previously
underappreciated
thermogenic
potential.
Frontiers in Endocrinology,
Journal Year:
2018,
Volume and Issue:
9
Published: Aug. 7, 2018
The
demonstration
of
metabolically
active
brown
adipose
tissue
(BAT)
in
humans
primarily
using
positron
emission
tomography
coupled
to
computed
(PET/CT)
with
the
glucose
tracer
18-fluorodeoxyglucose
(18FDG)
has
renewed
interest
scientific
and
medical
community
possible
role
BAT
as
a
target
for
prevention
treatment
obesity
type
2
diabetes
(T2D).
Here,
we
offer
comprehensive
review
energy
metabolism
humans.
Considerable
advances
methods
measure
metabolism,
including
nonesterified
fatty
acids
(NEFA),
chylomicron-triglycerides
(TG),
oxygen,
Krebs
cycle
rate,
intracellular
TG
have
led
very
good
quantification
substrate
per
volume
vivo.
These
studies
also
shown
that
are
likely
primary
source
upon
activation
by
cold.
Current
estimates
BAT's
contribution
expenditure
range
at
lower
end
what
would
be
potentially
clinically
relevant
if
chronically
sustained.
Yet,
18FDG
PET/CT
remains
gold-standard
defining
method
quantify
total
activity,
used
calculate
expenditure.
Unfortunately,
better
reflects
insulin
sensitivity
blood
flow.
It
is
now
clear
most
taken
up
does
not
fuel
mitochondrial
oxidative
uptake
can
therefore
disconnected
from
thermogenesis.
Furthermore,
thermogenesis
efficiently
recruited
repeated
cold
exposure,
doubling
tripling
its
capacity,
reciprocal
reduction
muscle
Recent
data
suggest
may
much
larger
than
typically
observed
50
150
ml
PET/CT.
Therefore,
current
thermogenesis,
largely
relying
on
PET/CT,
underestimate
true
Quantification
begs
development
more
integrated
whole
body
vivo
methods.
Physiological Reviews,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
99(4), P. 1701 - 1763
Published: July 24, 2019
Obesity
is
increasingly
prevalent
and
associated
with
substantial
cardiovascular
risk.
Adipose
tissue
distribution
morphology
play
a
key
role
in
determining
the
degree
of
adverse
effects,
factor
disease
process
appears
to
be
inflammatory
cell
population
adipose
tissue.
Healthy
secretes
number
vasoactive
adipokines
anti-inflammatory
cytokines,
changes
this
secretory
profile
will
contribute
pathogenesis
obesity.
In
review,
we
discuss
links
between
adipokine
dysregulation
development
hypertension
diabetes
explore
potential
for
manipulating
its
immune
improve
health
F1000Research,
Journal Year:
2016,
Volume and Issue:
5, P. 880 - 880
Published: May 12, 2016
Central
neural
circuits
orchestrate
the
behavioral
and
autonomic
repertoire
that
maintains
body
temperature
during
environmental
challenges
alters
inflammatory
response
states
in
to
declining
energy
homeostasis.
This
review
summarizes
central
nervous
system
circuit
mechanisms
controlling
principal
thermoeffectors
for
regulation:
cutaneous
vasoconstriction
regulating
heat
loss
shivering
brown
adipose
tissue
thermogenesis.
The
activation
of
these
is
regulated
by
parallel
but
distinct
efferent
pathways
within
share
a
common
peripheral
thermal
sensory
input.
model
mechanism
underlying
thermoregulatory
control
provides
useful
platform
further
understanding
functional
organization
thermoregulation,
elucidating
hypothalamic
circuitry
neurotransmitters
involved
regulation,
discovery
novel
therapeutic
approaches
modulating
Journal of Clinical Investigation,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
130(5), P. 2319 - 2331
Published: Jan. 21, 2020
BACKGROUND.
Beige
adipose
tissue
is
associated
with
improved
glucose
homeostasis
in
mice.
Adipose
contains
β3-adrenergic
receptors
(β3-ARs),
and
this
study
was
intended
to
determine
whether
the
treatment
of
obese,
insulin-resistant
humans
β3-AR
agonist
mirabegron,
which
stimulates
beige
formation
subcutaneous
white
(SC
WAT),
would
induce
other
beneficial
changes
fat
muscle
improve
metabolic
homeostasis.
