Generation of extracellular morphogen gradients: the case for diffusion

Nature Reviews Genetics, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 22(6), P. 393 - 411

Published: March 25, 2021

Language: Английский

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The wing imaginal disc

Genetics, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 220(4)

Published: March 4, 2022

Abstract The Drosophila wing imaginal disc is a tissue of undifferentiated cells that are precursors the and most notum adult fly. first forms during embryogenesis from cluster ∼30 located in second thoracic segment, which invaginate to form sac-like structure. They undergo extensive proliferation larval stages mature ∼35,000 cells. During this time, distinct cell fates assigned different regions, develops complex morphology. Finally, pupal undergoes morphogenetic processes then differentiates notum. While bulk comprises epithelial cells, it also includes neurons glia, associated with tracheal muscle precursor relative simplicity accessibility disc, combined wealth genetic tools available Drosophila, have make premier system for identifying genes deciphering systems play crucial roles animal development. Studies discs made key contributions many areas biology, including patterning, signal transduction, growth control, regeneration, planar polarity, morphogenesis, mechanics.

Language: Английский

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Regulation of Body Size and Growth Control

Genetics, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 216(2), P. 269 - 313

Published: Oct. 1, 2020

Abstract The control of body and organ growth is essential for the development adults with proper size proportions, which important survival reproduction. In animals, adult determined by rate duration juvenile growth, are influenced environment. nutrient-scarce environments in more time needed period can be extended delaying maturation, whereas rapidly completed nutrient-rich conditions. This flexibility requires integration environmental cues developmental signals that govern internal checkpoints to ensure maturation does not begin until sufficient tissue has occurred reach a size. Target Rapamycin (TOR) pathway primary cell-autonomous nutrient sensor, while circulating hormones such as steroids insulin-like factors main systemic regulators animals. We discuss recent findings Drosophila melanogaster showing environment growth-sensing mechanisms, involving TOR other growth-regulatory pathways, converge on insulin steroid relay centers responsible adjusting development, response external addition this, also monitored coordinated whole-body timing through modulation signaling. coordination involves interorgan communication mediated peptide 8 status. Together, these multiple nutritional feed into neuroendocrine hubs controlling signaling, serving at progression toward delayed. review focuses mechanisms conditions modulate size, highlights conserved architecture this system, made prime model understanding

Language: Английский

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Metabolism and growth adaptation to environmental conditions in Drosophila

Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 77(22), P. 4523 - 4551

Published: May 24, 2020

Organisms adapt to changing environments by adjusting their development, metabolism, and behavior improve chances of survival reproduction. To achieve such flexibility, organisms must be able sense respond changes in external environmental conditions internal state. Metabolic adaptation response altered nutrient availability is key maintaining energy homeostasis sustaining developmental growth. Furthermore, variables exert major influences on growth final adult body size animals. This plasticity depends adaptive responses state cues that are essential for processes. Genetic studies have shown the fruit fly Drosophila, similarly mammals, regulates its growth, environment through several hormones including insulin, peptides with glucagon-like function, steroid hormones. Here we review emerging evidence showing various sensed different organs that, via inter-organ communication, relay information neuroendocrine centers control insulin signaling. focuses endocrine regulation highlighting recent advances role system as a signaling hub integrates inputs drives responses.

Language: Английский

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Control of the insect metamorphic transition by ecdysteroid production and secretion

Current Opinion in Insect Science, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 43, P. 11 - 20

Published: Sept. 17, 2020

Language: Английский

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Growing Up in a Changing World: Environmental Regulation of Development in Insects

Annual Review of Entomology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 66(1), P. 81 - 99

Published: Aug. 21, 2020

All organisms are exposed to changes in their environment throughout life cycle. When confronted with these changes, they adjust development and physiology ensure that can produce the functional structures necessary for survival reproduction. While some traits remarkably invariant, or robust, across environmental conditions, others show high degrees of variation, known as plasticity. Generally, developmental processes establish cell identity thought be robust perturbation, while those relating body organ growth greater However, examples plastic patterning demonstrate this is not a hard-and-fast rule.In review, we explore how context gene regulatory mechanisms underlying trait formation determine impacts on insects. Furthermore, outline future issues need resolved understand structure signaling networks defines whether displays plasticity robustness.

Language: Английский

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Transcriptional Regulators of Ecdysteroid Biosynthetic Enzymes and Their Roles in Insect Development

Frontiers in Physiology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 13

Published: Feb. 8, 2022

Steroid hormones are responsible for coordinating many aspects of biological processes in most multicellular organisms, including insects. Ecdysteroid, the principal insect steroid hormone, is biosynthesized from dietary cholesterol or plant sterols. In last 20 years, a number ecdysteroidogenic enzymes, Noppera-bo, Neverland, Shroud, Spook/Spookier, Cyp6t3, Phantom, Disembodied, Shadow, and Shade, have been identified characterized molecular genetic studies using fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster . These enzymes encoded by genes collectively called Halloween genes. The transcriptional regulatory network, governed multiple regulators transcription, chromatin remodeling, endoreplication, has shown to be essential spatiotemporal expression control D. melanogaster. this review, we summarize latest information on that crucial controlling ecdysteroid biosynthetic their roles development.

Language: Английский

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Scaling a Dpp Morphogen Gradient through Feedback Control of Receptors and Co-receptors

Developmental Cell, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 53(6), P. 724 - 739.e14

Published: June 1, 2020

Language: Английский

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Coordination among multiple receptor tyrosine kinase signals controls Drosophila developmental timing and body size

Cell Reports, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 36(9), P. 109644 - 109644

Published: Aug. 1, 2021

In holometabolous insects, metamorphic timing and body size are controlled by a neuroendocrine axis composed of the ecdysone-producing prothoracic gland (PG) its presynaptic neurons (PGNs) producing PTTH. Although PTTH/Torso signaling is considered primary mediator timing, recent studies indicate that other unidentified PGN-derived factors also affect timing. Here, we demonstrate receptor tyrosine kinases anaplastic lymphoma kinase (Alk) PDGF VEGF receptor-related (Pvr), function in coordination with to regulate pupariation size. Both Alk Pvr trigger Ras/Erk PG upregulate expression ecdysone biosynthetic enzymes, while suppresses autophagy activating phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt. The ligand Jelly belly (Jeb) produced PGNs serves as second tropic factor, activation mainly relies on autocrine PG-derived Pvf2 Pvf3. These findings illustrate combination juxtacrine regulates defining event development.

Language: Английский

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Interorgan communication through peripherally derived peptide hormones in Drosophila

Fly, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 16(1), P. 152 - 176

Published: May 1, 2022

In multicellular organisms, endocrine factors such as hormones and cytokines regulate development homoeostasis through communication between different organs. For understanding interorgan communications factors, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster serves an excellent model system due to conservation of essential systems flies mammals availability powerful genetic tools. other insects, functions neuropeptides or peptide from central nervous have been extensively studied. However, a series recent studies conducted in revealed that derived peripheral tissues also play critical roles regulating multiple biological processes, including growth, metabolism, reproduction, behaviour. Here, we summarise advances target organs/tissues peripherally describe how these contribute various events communications.

Language: Английский

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