The pros, cons, and many unknowns of probiotics

Nature Medicine, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 25(5), P. 716 - 729

Published: May 1, 2019

Language: Английский

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Next-generation probiotics: the spectrum from probiotics to live biotherapeutics

Nature Microbiology, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 2(5)

Published: April 24, 2017

Language: Английский

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An omics-based framework for assessing the health risk of antimicrobial resistance genes

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 12(1)

Published: Aug. 6, 2021

Abstract Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are widespread among bacteria. However, not all ARGs pose serious threats to public health, highlighting the importance of identifying those that high-risk. Here, we developed an ‘omics-based’ framework evaluate ARG risk considering human-associated-enrichment, gene mobility, and host pathogenicity. Our classifies human-associated, mobile (3.6% ARGs) as highest risk, which further differentiate ‘current threats’ (Rank I; 3%) - already present pathogens ‘future II; 0.6%) novel emerging from non-pathogens. identified 73 threat’ families. Of these, 35 were 37 high-risk proposed by World Health Organization other literature; remaining 38 significantly enriched in hospital plasmids. By evaluating pathogen genomes released since construction, confirmed recently transferred into Rank II (‘future threats’). Lastly, applied gut microbiome fecal microbiota transplantation donors. We found although (73% genomes), only 8.9% contained ARGs. provides easy-to-implement approach identify current future antimicrobial threats, with potential clinical applications including reducing microbiome-based interventions.

Language: Английский

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Shaping the Future of Probiotics and Prebiotics

Trends in Microbiology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 29(8), P. 667 - 685

Published: Feb. 5, 2021

An expanding range of candidate probiotic species and prebiotic substrates is emerging to address newly elucidated data-driven microbial niches host targets.Overlapping with, adjacent to, the fields, new variants microbiome-modulating interventions are developing, including synbiotics, postbiotics, consortia, live biotherapeutic products, genetically modified organisms, with renewed interest in polyphenols, fibres, fermented foods.Personalised nutrition precision medicine beginning influence application probiotics prebiotics, growing modulation signatures health disease.Demand for prebiotics across divergent product formats driving innovation quality assurance techniques measure dose, viability, structural functional integrity. Recent ongoing developments microbiome science enabling frontiers research prebiotics. Novel types, mechanisms, applications currently under study have potential change scientific understanding as well nutritional healthcare these interventions. The expansion related fields microbiome-targeted interventions, an evolving landscape implementation regulatory, policy, prescriber, consumer spheres, portends era significant change. In this review we examine recent, emerging, anticipated trends science, create a vision broad areas developing field. Probiotics (see Glossary) received escalating attention recent years scientific, healthcare, public arenas. Publicity around has also broadened perception microorganisms, beyond disease-causing agents that should be avoided, more rational view integrating beneficial roles microorganisms human health. line advances, awareness acceptance continues expand [1.Chin-Lee B. et al.Patient experience use community-based care settings.Patient Prefer. Adhere. 2014; 8: 1513-1520PubMed Google Scholar], industry growth estimated at 7% annually [2.Jackson S.A. al.Improving end-user trust commercial products.Front. Microbiol. 2019; 10: 739Crossref PubMed Scopus (19) forecast 12.7% over next 8 [3.Mano M.C.R. al.Oligosaccharide biotechnology: approach revolution on industry.Appl. Biotechnol. 2018; 102: 17-37Crossref (40) Scholar]. While there general beneficial, still gap definitions terms 'probiotics' 'prebiotics', their benefits health, how they function, where find best sources food products Scholar,4.Viana J.V. al.Probiotic foods: attitudes.Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2008; 43: 1577-1580Crossref (30) Both increasingly incorporated into wide foods, beverages, topical (even toilet paper), some cases questionable or no validation any benefit host, requirement existing consensus definitions. field, both clearly established, International Scientific Association Prebiotics (ISAPP) having convened panels whereby experts reviewed published behind [5.Hill C. al.Expert document. statement scope appropriate term probiotic.Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 11: 506-514Crossref (2566) Scholar] [6.Gibson G.R. document: definition prebiotics.Nat. 2017; 14: 491-502Crossref (1252) conclusions highlighted play integral role status. Some key mechanisms been (Box 1) used variety states, prophylactically therapeutically.Box 1Mechanisms Action PrebioticsMechanisms action complex, diverse, heterogeneous, often strain- compound-specific. many described, remain calls increased understanding, especially structure–function explanations observed effects long-term influences [134.Kleerebezem M. al.Understanding mode can drive translational pipeline towards reliable probiotics.Curr. Opin. 56: 55-60Crossref (26) Scholar,152.Plaza-Diaz al.Mechanisms probiotics.Adv. Nutr. S49-S66Crossref (96) Scholar,153.Monteagudo-Mera A. al.Adhesion mediated by impact health.Appl. 103: 6463-6472Crossref (91) Scholar].Probiotics interact via molecular effectors present cell structure secreted metabolic products. Probiotic metabolites act microbiota crossfeeding interactions, changes gastrointestinal microenvironment (e.g., pH lowering), competition nutrients binding sites, inhibition production strain-specific antibacterial compounds bacteriocins [133.Lebeer S. al.Identification effector molecules: state future perspectives.Curr. 49: 217-223Crossref (90) Such microbiota-directed contribute ability mediate pathogen overgrowth states such vaginal oral dysbioses [153.Monteagudo-Mera Scholar].With regard cells, molecules directly receptors intestinal epithelial, enteroendocrine, immune cells vagal afferent fibres. These interactions produce local gut effects, enhancement barrier integrity inflammation Toll-like receptors), systemic immune, endocrine, nervous system mediators perform enzymatic metabolism bile salts ingested xenobiotics [152.Plaza-Diaz Specific surface-associated include pili, lipoteichoic acids, exopolysaccharides, various surface-layer proteins, which therefore delivery Scholar].Classical through consumption substrate specific groups within microbiota, promoting activity. Provision select group/s bacteria indirectly other bacterial – inhibitory displacement. Resulting composition metabolite concentrations from administration nervous, endocrine signalling improvements bowel response, glucose lipid metabolism, bone regulation appetite satiety Chief by-products SCFAs acetate, butyrate, propionate, recognised systems facilitate [10.Blaak E.E. al.Short chain fatty acids health.Benefic. Microbes. 2020; 411-455Crossref (3) Scholar].In addition nutritive microbes, receptors, modulating epithelial function [154.Brosseau al.Prebiotics: preventive allergy.Nutrients. 1841Crossref (6) Mechanisms With Classical Currently, multiple spheres acting (Figure 1). Broad technological advances data collection analytical tools exploration providing deeper insights host. Interest grow conditions, body population subgroups, formats. Furthermore, evolution regulatory frameworks, clinical guidelines influencing healthcare. As our knowledge each integrated shaping timely. Traditionally, lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, lactic acid-producing (LAB) probiotics, primarily isolated dairy faecal microbiome. breadth its functions expanded, holds discovery approaches [7.Veiga P. al.Moving probiotics.Nat. 5: 878-880Crossref (5) taxa. Developments affordable complete genome sequencing powerful cultivation methods allowed isolation characterisation microbiomes opportunity developed next-generation [8.O'Toole P.W. al.Next-generation probiotics: spectrum biotherapeutics.Nat. 2: 17057Crossref (213) 2). Various bacteria, Roseburia intestinalis, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Eubacterium spp., Bacteroides spp. Akkermansia muciniphila, Scholar,9.Brodmann T. al.Safety novel microbes consumption: practical examples assessment European Union.Front. 1725Crossref (64) candidates represent proportion cultivable offer physiological not always conferred bifidobacteria bioactives Converting industrially viable presents challenges rich media anaerobic conditions adds cost complexity, investment determining optimal fermentation manufacturing processes time. Despite difficulties, muciniphila one promising candidates. Isolated 2004 [11.Derrien al.Akkermansia gen. nov., sp. mucin-degrading bacterium.Int. Syst. Evol. 2004; 54: 1469-1476Crossref (843) it tested preclinical animal models shown prevent development obesity, pasteurisation increasing stability efficacy species. Initial proof-of-concept studies taken place humans pasteurised safe improves several parameters [12.Depommier al.Supplementation overweight obese volunteers: exploratory study.Nat. Med. 25: 1096-1103Crossref (332) Live already market multispecies synbiotic preparation, containing inulin, Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis (Clostridium beijerinckii, Clostridium butyricum, Anaerobutyricum hallii) was improve levels type 2 diabetics [13.Perraudeau F. al.Improvements postprandial control subjects diabetes: multicenter, double blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial formulation.BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care. 8e001319Crossref (1) will only source strains Niches strong species, targets intervention, female urogenital tract, cavity, nasopharyngeal skin [14.Maguire Maguire G. health.Arch. Dermatol. 309: 411-421Crossref (24) Scholar, 15.George V.T. al.The periodontal therapy.J. Int. Oral Heal. 2016; 404-408Google 16.Cribby al.Vaginal probiotics.Interdiscip. Perspect. Infect. Dis. 2008 (art. 256490)Crossref Species genera associated regions being investigated restore populations homeostasis disease states. Examples commensal isolate Staphylococcus hominis eczema atopic dermatitis [17.Nakatsuji al.Antimicrobials protect against aureus deficient dermatitis.Sci. Transl. 9eaah4680Crossref (362) Lactobacillus crispatus dysbiosis [18.Reid health.J. AOAC 2012; 95: 31-34Crossref (29) Fermented foods most common natural potentially LAB, benefits, reduced risk diabetes cardiovascular diseases [19.Marco M.L. al.Health beyond.Curr. 44: 94-102Crossref (363) putatively metabolomic profile [20.Taylor B.C. al.Consumption systematic differences metabolome.mSystems. 5e00901-19Crossref (13) likely major LAB [21.Pasolli E. al.Large-scale genome-wide analysis links acid microbiome.Nat. Commun. 2610Crossref show development. unfermented may fruits, vegetables, grains/cereals, dairy, meat fish honey, environmental soil [22.Zielińska D. Kolożyn-Krajewska Food-origin exhibit properties: Review.Biomed. 2018 5063185)Crossref core heartlands target therapy subfertility [23.García-Velasco J.A. al.What fertility specialists know about microbiome: review.Reprod. BioMed. Online. 35: 103-112Abstract Full Text PDF (28) liver [24.Meroni nonalcoholic disease: insight therapeutic strategies.Nutrients. 2642Crossref mood disorders [25.Dinan T.G. al.Psychobiotics: class psychotropic.Biol. Psychiatry. 2013; 74: 720-726Abstract (510) cognition [26.Dinan Cryan J.F. microbiome–gut–brain axis disease.Gastroenterol. Clin. N. Am. 46: 77-89Abstract [27.Seminario-Amez al.Probiotics health: A review.Med. Patol. Cir. Bucal. 22: e282-e288PubMed asthma [28.Spacova I. airway allergy: factors consider.Dis. Models Mech. 11dmm034314Crossref [29.Koutnikova H. al.Impact non-alcoholic variables: meta-analysis randomised controlled trials.BMJ Open. 9e017995Crossref (65) hypercholesterolaemia [30.Khare Gaur Cholesterol-lowering species.Curr. 77: 638-644Crossref (7) obesity [31.Brusaferro al.Is time treat obesity?.Nutrients. 1613Crossref (39) Significant emphasis placed investigating safety considered Many commonly exploited available generally recognized (GRAS) status USA belong qualified presumption (QPS) Safety Authority (EFSA), yet case history use. Submission GRAS, QPS, frameworks enable path commercialisation, pharmaceutical applications, example, category defined Drug Administration (FDA)i Directorate Quality Medicines [32.European Pharmacopoeia Commission 3053E General monograph products.Eur. Pharmacopoeia. (9.7)Google required [33.Rouanet al.Live road map assessment.Front. 7: 237Crossref comprising retrospective possible linked taxa considered, full sequence, antibiotic resistance genes, toxin transferrable genetic elements, virulence factors, proven models, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, Phase I–III trials. evidence fall current 2), albeit attracting attention. consortia network synergistic [34.Vázquez-Castellanos al.Design synthetic modulation.Curr. Pharmacol. 52-59Crossref (8) augment single-strain organisms definition, if characterised Adjacent postbiotics 1An updated expert panel ISAPP, press. fragments [35.Aguilar-Toalá al.Postbiotics:

Language: Английский

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The gut microbiota influences anticancer immunosurveillance and general health

Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 15(6), P. 382 - 396

Published: April 10, 2018

Language: Английский

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Scientific Opinion on the update of the list of QPS‐recommended biological agents intentionally added to food or feed as notified to EFSA†

EFSA Journal, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 15(3)

Published: March 1, 2017

EFSA is requested to assess the safety of a broad range biological agents in context notification for market authorisation as sources food and feed additives, enzymes plant protection products. The qualified presumption (QPS) assessment was developed provide harmonised generic pre-assessment support risk assessments performed by EFSA's scientific Panels. unambiguously defined (at highest taxonomic unit appropriate purpose which an application intended), completeness body knowledge are assessed. Identified concerns are, where possible reasonable number, reflected 'qualifications' connection with recommendation QPS status. list recommended reviewed updated current opinion therefore becomes valid list. 2016 update reviews previously assessed microorganisms including bacteria, yeasts viruses used purposes following Extensive Literature Search strategy. units related new notifications received since 2013 opinion, were periodically evaluated status results published Statements BIOHAZ Panel.

Language: Английский

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Update of the list of QPS‐recommended biological agents intentionally added to food or feed as notified to EFSA 13: suitability of taxonomic units notified to EFSA until September 2020

EFSA Journal, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 19(1)

Published: Jan. 1, 2021

The qualified presumption of safety (QPS) approach was developed to provide a regularly updated generic pre-evaluation the biological agents, intended for addition food or feed, support work EFSA's Scientific Panels. It is based on an assessment published data each agent, with respect its taxonomic identity, body knowledge, concerns and antimicrobial resistance. Safety identified unit (TU) are, where possible, confirmed at strain product level, reflected by 'qualifications'. In period covered this statement, no new information found that would change status previously recommended QPS TUs. Of 36 microorganisms notified EFSA between April September 2020, 33 were excluded; seven filamentous fungi (including Aureobasidium pullulans recent insights), one Clostridium butyricum, Enterococcus faecium, three Escherichia coli, Streptomyces spp. 20 TUs had been evaluated. Three evaluated; Methylorubrum extorquens Mycobacterium aurum first time Bacillus circulans re-assessed because update requested in relation mandate. M. are not due lack knowledge use feed chain aurum, uncertainty concerning pathogenicity potential. B. qualifications 'production purposes only' 'absence cytotoxic activity'.

Language: Английский

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Lactobacillus plantarum with Functional Properties: An Approach to Increase Safety and Shelf-Life of Fermented Foods

BioMed Research International, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 2018, P. 1 - 18

Published: May 28, 2018

(widespread member of the genus

Language: Английский

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Scientific Opinion on the update of the list of QPS‐recommended biological agents intentionally added to food or feed as notified to EFSA (2017–2019)

EFSA Journal, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 18(2)

Published: Feb. 1, 2020

The qualified presumption of safety (QPS) was developed to provide a pre-assessment within EFSA for microorganisms. Strains belonging QPS taxonomic units (TUs) still require an assessment based on specific data package, but status facilitates fast track evaluation. TUs are unambiguously defined biological agents assessed the body knowledge, their and end use. Safety concerns are, where possible, be confirmed at strain or product level, reflected as 'qualifications'. Qualifications need evaluated level by respective units. lowest TU is species bacteria, yeasts protists/algae, family viruses. concept also applicable genetically modified microorganisms used production purposes if recipient qualifies status, genetic modification does not indicate concern. Based actual knowledge and/or ambiguous position, following were excluded from assessment: filamentous fungi, oomycetes, streptomycetes

Language: Английский

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The Unregulated Probiotic Market

Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 17(5), P. 809 - 817

Published: March 18, 2018

Background & AimsThis narrative review provides an overview of the current regulation probiotics, with a focus on those used for dietary management medical conditions (Medical Foods).FindingsThe probiotic market has grown rapidly, both foods and supplements intended to enhance wellness in healthy individuals, preparations disease. Regulation probiotics varies between regions. Unless they make specific disease-related health claims, are regulated as food is focused legitimacy any rather than efficacy, safety quality. Many properties strain-specific, efficacy findings associated formulations should not be generalized other products. Manufacturing processes, ingredients important determinants product characteristics changes manufacturing likely give rise identical "original" if proper measures controls taken. Current trademark law lack stringent mean that owner can commercialize formulation under same brand, even significantly different from original. These regulatory deficits may have serious consequences patients where part clinical guideline-recommended such inflammatory bowel diseases, doctors liable prescribing previously tested efficacy.ConclusionsCurrent inadequate protect consumers doctors, especially when aimed at conditions. This Foods). The efficacy.

Language: Английский

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