Global dissemination of H5N1 influenza viruses bearing the clade 2.3.4.4b HA gene and biologic analysis of the ones detected in China

Emerging Microbes & Infections, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 11(1), P. 1693 - 1704

Published: June 14, 2022

H5N1 avian influenza viruses bearing the clade 2.3.4.4b hemagglutinin gene have been widely circulating in wild birds and are responsible for loss of over 70 million domestic poultry Europe, Africa, Asia, North America since October 2020. During our routine surveillance, 13 were isolated from 26,767 bird samples that collected between September 2021 March 2022 China. To investigate origin these Chinese isolates understand their genetic relationship with globally viruses, we performed a detailed phylogenic analysis 233 representative strains 28 countries. We found that, after they emerged Netherlands, encountered complicated exchange different formed 16 genotypes. Genotype one (G1) was predominant, being detected 22 countries, whereas all other genotypes only or two continents. four (G1, G7, G9, G10) China; three previously reported The China replicated mice, pathogenicity varying among strains; G1 virus highly lethal mice. Moreover, antigenically similar to well matched H5-Re14 vaccine strain currently used Our study reveals overall picture evolution provides insights control viruses.

Language: Английский

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Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus Clade 2.3.4.4b Infections in Wild Terrestrial Mammals, United States, 2022

Emerging infectious diseases, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 29(12)

Published: Nov. 22, 2023

Abstract We describe the pathology of natural infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus Eurasian lineage Goose/Guangdong clade 2.3.4.4b in 67 wild terrestrial mammals throughout United States during April 1‒July 21, 2022. Affected include 50 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), 6 striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis), 4 raccoons (Procyon lotor), 2 bobcats (Lynx rufus), Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana), 1 coyote (Canis latrans), fisher (Pekania pennanti), and gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus). Infected showed primarily neurologic signs. Necrotizing meningoencephalitis, interstitial pneumonia, myocardial necrosis were most common lesions; however, species variations lesion distribution observed. Genotype analysis sequences from 48 animals indicates that these cases represent spillover infections birds.

Language: Английский

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Avian influenza overview December 2021 – March 2022

EFSA Journal, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 20(4)

Published: April 1, 2022

Between 9 December 2021 and 15 March 2022, 2,653 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus detections were reported in 33 EU/EEA countries the UK poultry (1,030), wild (1,489) captive birds (133). The outbreaks mainly by France (609), where two spatiotemporal clusters have been identified since October 2021, followed Italy (131), Hungary (73) Poland (53); those reporting accounted together for 12.8 of 17.5 million that culled HPAI affected establishments this period. majority Germany (767), Netherlands (293), (118) Denmark (74). A(H5) was detected a wide range host species birds, indicating an increasing changing risk incursion into farms. observed persistence continuous circulation viruses migratory resident will continue to pose industry Europe coming months. This requires definition rapid implementation suitable sustainable mitigation strategies such as appropriate biosecurity measures, surveillance plans early detection measures different production systems. results genetic analysis indicate currently circulating belong clade 2.3.4.4b. Some these also mammal Netherlands, Slovenia, Finland Ireland showing markers adaptation replication mammals. Since last report, one human infection with A(H5N1), China 17 infections A(H5N6), Cambodia A(H9N2) virus. general population is assessed low, occupationally exposed people, low medium.

Language: Английский

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BTN3A3 evasion promotes the zoonotic potential of influenza A viruses

Nature, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 619(7969), P. 338 - 347

Published: June 28, 2023

Language: Английский

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Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5 Clade 2.3.4.4b Virus Infection in Birds and Mammals

Animals, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 14(9), P. 1372 - 1372

Published: May 2, 2024

Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are highly contagious respiratory of birds, leading to significant morbidity and mortality globally causing substantial economic losses the poultry industry agriculture. Since their first isolation in 2013–2014, Asian-origin H5 pathogenic avian (HPAI) clade 2.3.4.4b have undergone unprecedented evolution reassortment internal gene segments. In just a few years, it supplanted other AIV clades, now is widespread wild migratory waterfowl, spreading Asia, Europe, Africa, Americas. Wild natural reservoir LPAIVs generally more resistant disease, also manifested high with HPAIV 2.3.4.4b. This caused overt clinical signs mass variety mammalian species never reported before, such as raptors, seabirds, sealions, foxes, others. Most notably, recent outbreaks dairy cattle were associated emergence critical mutations related adaptation, raising concerns about possibility jumping acquisition sustained human-to-human transmission. The main anatomopathological findings virus infection birds non-human mammals hereby summarized.

Language: Английский

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Genomic characterization of highly pathogenic avian influenza A H5N1 virus newly emerged in dairy cattle

Emerging Microbes & Infections, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 13(1)

Published: July 15, 2024

In March 2024, the emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A (H5N1) infections in dairy cattle was detected United Sates for first time. We genetically characterize HPAI viruses from showing an abrupt drop milk production, as well two cats, six wild birds, and one skunk. They share nearly identical genome sequences, forming a new genotype B3.13 within 2.3.4.4b clade. underwent reassortment events since 2023 exhibit critical mutations HA, M1, NS genes but lack PB2 PB1 genes, which enhance virulence or adaptation to mammals. The E627 K mutation human case associated with underscores potential rapid evolution post infection, highlighting need continued surveillance monitor public health threats.

Language: Английский

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Avian influenza overview March – June 2022

EFSA Journal, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 20(8)

Published: Aug. 1, 2022

The 2021-2022 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) epidemic season is the largest so far observed in Europe, with a total of 2,398 outbreaks poultry, 46 million birds culled affected establishments, 168 detections captive birds, and 2,733 HPAI events wild 36 European countries. Between 16 March 10 June 2022, 1,182 virus were reported 28 EU/EEA countries United Kingdom poultry (750), (410) (22). During this reporting period, 86% secondary due to between-farm spread virus. France accounted for 68% overall outbreaks, Hungary 24% all other less than 2% each. Most by Germany (158), followed Netherlands (98) (48). persistence (H5) since 2020-2021 wave indicates that it may have become endemic bird populations implying health risk from A(H5) humans, wildlife Europe remains present year-round, highest autumn winter months. Response options new epidemiological situation include definition rapid implementation suitable sustainable mitigation strategies such as appropriate biosecurity measures surveillance early detection different production systems. Medium long-term reducing density high-risk areas should also be considered. results genetic analysis indicate viruses currently circulating belong clade 2.3.4.4b. detected mammal species Canada, USA Japan, showed markers adaptation replication mammals. Since last report, four A(H5N6), two A(H9N2) A(H3N8) human infections China one A(H5N1) USA. infection assessed low general population EU/EEA, medium occupationally exposed people.

Language: Английский

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Clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) from the 2021/22 epizootic is highly duck adapted and poorly adapted to chickens

Journal of General Virology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 104(5)

Published: May 11, 2023

The 2021/2022 epizootic of high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAIV) remains one the largest ever in UK, being caused by a clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 HPAIV. This affected more than 145 poultry premises, most likely through independent incursion from infected wild birds, supported 1700 individual detections bird mortalities. Here an HPAIV, representative this (H5N1-21), was used to investigate its virulence, pathogenesis and transmission layer chickens Pekin ducks, two species epidemiological importance. We inoculated both with decreasing H5N1-21 doses. virus highly infectious infection levels accompanying shedding viral RNA, even ducks lowest dose, reflecting strong waterfowl adaptation 2.3.4.4 HPAIVs. Duck-to-duck very efficient, coupled environmental contamination. frequently detected water sources, serving as sources for but inhalable dust aerosols represented low risks. In contrast, highest dose exhibited lower rates compared ducks. There no evidence experimental any naive chickens, stocking density scenarios, minimal infrequent contamination chicken environment. Systemic dissemination multiple organs reflected mortalities species. summary, is transmissible anseriformes, yet comparatively poorly adapted galliformes, supporting host preferences waterfowl. Key matrices were also identified important spread during continuing epizootic.

Language: Английский

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Investigating the Genetic Diversity of H5 Avian Influenza Viruses in the United Kingdom from 2020–2022

Microbiology Spectrum, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 11(4)

Published: June 26, 2023

Since 2020, the United Kingdom and Europe have experienced annual epizootics of high-pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV). The first epizootic, during autumn/winter 2020-2021, involved six H5Nx subtypes, although H5N8 HPAIV dominated in Kingdom. While genetic assessments HPAIVs within demonstrated relative homogeneity, there was a background other genotypes circulating at lower degree with different neuraminidase internal genes. Following small number detections H5N1 wild birds over summer 2021, 2021-2022 saw another European H5 epizootic that dwarfed prior epizootic. This second almost exclusively by HPAIV, distinct were defined. We used analysis to evaluate emergence proposed reassortment events been observed. existing data suggest viruses late 2020 continued circulate throughout minimal adaptation, but then went on reassort AIVs bird population. undertaken an in-depth assessment detected two winter seasons demonstrate utility analyses defining diversity species, potential for zoonotic risk, whether incidents lateral spread can be defined independent incursions infections from birds. provides key supporting mitigation activities. IMPORTANCE High-pathogenicity (HPAIV) outbreaks devastate species across all sectors, having both economic ecological impacts through mortalities poultry birds, respectively. These also represent significant risk. has successive HPAIV. predominant 2020-2021 outbreak, subtypes detected. following year, shift subtype dominance multiple Through thorough utilization whole-genome sequencing, it possible track characterize evolution these enabled us assess risk posed poultry-wild avian-human interfaces investigate between infected premises, factor understanding threat commercial sector.

Language: Английский

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Avian Influenza: Strategies to Manage an Outbreak

Pathogens, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 12(4), P. 610 - 610

Published: April 17, 2023

Avian influenza (AI) is a contagious disease among the poultry population with high avian mortality, which generates significant economic losses and elevated costs for control outbreak eradication. AI caused by an RNA virus part of Orthomyxoviridae family; however, only Influenzavirus A capable infecting birds. pathogenicity based on lethality, signs, molecular characteristics virus. Low pathogenic (LPAI) has low mortality rate ability to infect, whereas highly (HPAI) can cross respiratory intestinal barriers, diffuse blood, damage all tissues bird, rate. Nowadays, global public health concern due its zoonotic potential. Wild waterfowl natural reservoir viruses, oral-fecal path main transmission route between Similarly, other species generally occurs after circulation in densely populated infected species, indicating that viruses adapt promote spread. Moreover, HPAI notifiable animal disease; therefore, countries must report infections authorities. Regarding laboratory diagnoses, presence type be identified agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID), enzyme immunoassay (EIA), immunofluorescence assays, enzyme-linked immunoadsorption assay (ELISAs). Furthermore, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction used viral detection considered gold standard management suspect confirmed cases AI. If there suspicion case, epidemiological surveillance protocols initiated until definitive diagnosis obtained. if containment actions should prompt strict precautions taken when handling or materials. The measures include sanitary slaughter using methods such as environment saturation CO2, carbon dioxide foam, cervical dislocation. For disposal, burial, incineration, followed. Lastly, disinfection affected farms carried out. present review aims provide overview virus, strategies management, challenges generate, recommendations informed decision making.

Language: Английский

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