Consequences of adolescent drug use

Translational Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 13(1)

Published: Oct. 6, 2023

Abstract Substance use in adolescence is a known risk factor for the development of neuropsychiatric and substance disorders adulthood. This part due to fact that critical aspects brain occur during adolescence, which can be altered by drug use. Despite concerted efforts educate youth about potential negative consequences use, initiation remains common amongst adolescents world-wide. Additionally, though there has been substantial research on topic, many questions remain predictors adolescent In following review, we will highlight some most recent literature neurobiological behavioral effects rodents, non-human primates, humans, with specific focus alcohol, cannabis, nicotine, interactions between these substances. Overall, consumption substances produce long-lasting changes across variety structures networks have enduring behavior, emotion, cognition.

Language: Английский

---

Endocannabinoid System and Exogenous Cannabinoids in Depression and Anxiety: A Review

Brain Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 13(2), P. 325 - 325

Published: Feb. 14, 2023

Background: There is a growing liberalization of cannabis-based preparations for medical and recreational use. In multiple instances, anxiety depression are cited as either primary or secondary reason the use cannabinoids. Aim: The purpose this review to explore association between dysregulation endogenous endocannabinoid system (ECS), well phytocannabinoids synthetic cannabinoids in remediation depression/anxiety symptoms. After brief description constituents cannabis, cannabinoid receptors system, most important evidence presented involvement both human from animal models anxiety. Finally, clinical treat Conclusions: Although common belief that cannabinoids, including its main studied components—tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) cannabidiol (CBD)—or other derivatives have been suggested therapeutic role certain mental health conditions, all recent systematic reviews we report concluded improve depressive disorders weak, very-low-quality, offers no guidance on conditions within regulatory framework. an urgent need high-quality studies examining effects general particular, consequences long-term these due possible risks such addiction even reversal improvement.

Language: Английский

---

Pharmacokinetic Variability of Oral Cannabidiol and Its Major Metabolites after Short-Term High-Dose Exposure in Healthy Subjects

Medical Cannabis and Cannabinoids, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 7(1), P. 1 - 9

Published: Jan. 29, 2024

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Cannabidiol (CBD) is a widely utilized nonpsychoactive cannabinoid available as prescriptive drug treatment and over-the-counter supplement. In humans, CBD metabolized forms the major active metabolite 7-hydroxy-cannabidiol (7-OH-CBD), which further to 7-carboxy-cannabidiol (7-COOH-CBD). current study, plasma concentrations of CBD, 7-OH-CBD, 7-COOH-CBD were measured, potential influences sex, race, body mass index (BMI) on pharmacokinetic variability assessed. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Blood samples from previously conducted interaction study in healthy volunteers (<i>n</i> = 12) utilized. The subjects received orally administered (Epiodiolex^®), 750 mg twice daily for 3 days single dose 4th day. Nine collected, analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Peak concentration (C_max), time C_max (T_max), area under curve (AUC), metabolite‐to‐parent exposure ratios (MPR) calculated. Statistical analysis was performed determine correlations C_max, AUC, MPR different BMI, weight. <b><i>Results:</i></b> For mean 389.17 ± 153.23 ng/mL, AUC 1,542.19 488.04 ng/mL*h. 81.35 36.64 364.70 105.59 ng/mL*h, 0.25 0.07. 7-COOH-CBD, 1,717.33 769.22 9,888.42 3,961.47 7.11 3.48. 2.25-fold higher observed female (<i>p</i> 0.0155) 1.97-fold 0.0285) with normalization A significant linearity 0.0135) 7-OH-CBD weight females observed. No differences identified PMR race BMI. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Observed sex agreement reported findings. larger population pharmacokinetics warranted validate study.

Language: Английский

---

Cannabis for Chronic Pain: Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Challenges

Stresses, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 5(1), P. 7 - 7

Published: Jan. 15, 2025

Chronic pain represents a complex and debilitating condition that affects millions of people worldwide, significantly compromising their quality life. The conventional approach to treating this type often relies on the use opioid analgesics anti-inflammatory drugs. While these agents are effective in short term, they present several limitations, including risk dependence, severe side effects, and, some cases, ineffectiveness reducing pain. In context, medical cannabis has emerged as promising therapeutic alternative, given its potential ability relieve effectively with favorable safety profile. This work aims provide comprehensive up-to-date review existing literature effects treatment chronic Cannabis sativa contains pharmacologically active compounds, most prominent which delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (∆9-THC) cannabidiol (CBD), interact body’s endocannabinoid system, thereby modulating response. Clinical evidence shown cannabinoids can reduce intensity pain, particularly cases neuropathy, multiple sclerosis, arthritis, other painful conditions unresponsive treatments. However, full integration into clinical practice faces significant obstacles, need for standardized dosing, long-term data, regulatory frameworks. These issues, alongside concerns over adverse drug interactions, must be addressed unlock cannabinoids, patients, who endure both physical suffering added burden stress.

Language: Английский

---

Cannabinoids in Chronic Pain Management: A Review of the History, Efficacy, Applications, and Risks

Biomedicines, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 13(3), P. 530 - 530

Published: Feb. 20, 2025

Background/Objectives: Chronic pain remains a pervasive and challenging public health issue, often resistant to conventional treatments such as opioids, which carry substantial risks of dependency adverse effects. Cannabinoids, bioactive compounds derived from the Cannabis sativa plant their synthetic analogs, have emerged potential alternative for management, leveraging interaction with endocannabinoid system modulate inflammation. Methods: The current, evolving literature regarding history, efficacy, applications, safety cannabinoids in treatment chronic was reviewed summarized provide most current review cannabinoids. Results: Evidence suggests that moderate efficacy managing neuropathic pain, fibromyalgia, cancer-related multiple sclerosis-related spasticity. Patient-reported outcomes further indicate widespread perceptions safer opioid-sparing However, quality existing evidence is limited by small sample sizes methodological inconsistencies. Regulatory barriers, including classification cannabis Schedule I substance United States, continue hinder robust research clinical integration. Moreover, associated cannabinoids, psychiatric effects, addiction potential, drug interactions, necessitate cautious application. Conclusions: Cannabinoids represent promising, albeit complex, particularly given limitations traditional therapies opioids. significant deficiencies remain research. While smaller trials systematic reviews therapeutic low due sizes, short study durations, Large-scale, randomized controlled long-term follow-up are urgently needed confirm across diverse patient populations etiologies.

Language: Английский

---

The Impact of Cannabidiol on Human Brain Function: A Systematic Review

Frontiers in Pharmacology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 11

Published: Jan. 21, 2021

Background: Accumulating evidence suggests that the non-intoxicating cannabinoid compound cannabidiol (CBD) may have antipsychotic and anxiolytic properties, thus be a promising new agent in treatment of psychotic anxiety disorders. However, neurobiological substrates underlying potential therapeutic effects CBD are still unclear. The aim this systematic review is to provide detailed up-to-date literature overview neuroimaging studies investigated acute impact on human brain function. Methods: Papers published until May 2020 were included from PubMed following comprehensive search strategy pre-determined set criteria for article selection. We examined function healthy volunteers individuals diagnosed with psychiatric disorder, comprising both alone as well direct comparison those induced by ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), main psychoactive component Cannabis . Results: One-ninety four identified, which 17 met inclusion criteria. All during resting state or context cognitive tasks. In volunteers, enhanced fronto-striatal connectivity, compared placebo THC. Furthermore, modulated activity had opposite when THC task-specific patterns various paradigms, such emotional processing (fronto-temporal), verbal memory (fronto-striatal), response inhibition (fronto-limbic-striatal), auditory/visual (temporo-occipital). at clinical high risk psychosis patients established psychosis, showed intermediate controls task performance. limbic subjects metabolite levels autism spectrum Conclusion: Neuroimaging shown induces significant alterations connectivity performance tasks disorder. This modulation functional networks relevant disorders, possibly reflecting CBD’s effects. Future should consider replication findings enlarge patients, combining longer-term assessments.

Language: Английский

---

Chronic Pain and Psychiatric Conditions

Complex Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 9(1-4), P. 24 - 43

Published: Sept. 15, 2022

Chronic pain is a common condition with high socioeconomic and public health burden. A wide range of psychiatric conditions are often comorbid chronic conditions, negatively impacting successful treatment either condition. The receiving most attention in the past regard to comorbidity has been major depressive disorder, despite fact that many other also demonstrate epidemiological genetic overlap pain. Further understanding potential mechanisms involved could lead new strategies both for each type disorder isolation scenarios comorbidity.

Language: Английский

---

Cannabidiol in the context of substance use disorder treatment: A systematic review

Addictive Behaviors, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 132, P. 107360 - 107360

Published: May 7, 2022

Language: Английский

---

Crosstalk between the endocannabinoid and mid-brain dopaminergic systems: Implication in dopamine dysregulation

Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 17

Published: March 16, 2023

Endocannabinoids (eCBs) and the expanded endocannabinoid system (ECS)-“endocannabinoidome”, consists of endogenous ligands, eCBs, their canonical non-canonical receptor subtypes, synthesizing metabolizing enzymes. This modulates a wide range body functions acts as retrograde signaling within central nervous (CNS) by inhibition classical transmitters, plays vital modulatory function on dopamine, major neurotransmitter in CNS. Dopamine is involved different behavioral processes contributes to brain disorders—including Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia, drug addiction. After synthesis neuronal cytosol, dopamine packaged into synaptic vesicles until released extracellular signals. Calcium dependent activation results vesicular release interacts with systems. The ECS, among others, regulation interaction occurs either through direct or indirect mechanisms. cross-talk between ECS dopaminergic has important influence various dopamine-related neurobiological pathologic conditions investigating this might help identify therapeutic targets options disorders CNS associated dysregulation.

Language: Английский

---

GPR55 is expressed in glutamate neurons and functionally modulates drug taking and seeking in rats and mice

Translational Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 14(1)

Published: Feb. 19, 2024

Abstract G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) has been thought to be a putative cannabinoid receptor. However, little is known about its functional role in action and substance use disorders. Here we report that GPR55 predominantly found glutamate neurons the brain, activation reduces self-administration of cocaine nicotine rats mice. Using RNAscope situ hybridization, mRNA was identified cortical vesicular transporter 1 (VgluT1)-positive subcortical VgluT2-positive neurons, with no detection midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons. Immunohistochemistry detected GPR55-like signal both wildtype GPR55-knockout mice, suggesting non-specific staining. analysis using fluorescent CB1/GPR55 ligand (T1117) CB1-knockout mice confirmed binding not DA Systemic administration agonist O-1602 didnt impact ∆ 9 -THC-induced analgesia, hypothermia catalepsy, but significantly mitigated cocaine-enhanced brain-stimulation reward caused by optogenetic alone failed alter extracellar DA, elevated extracellular glutamate, nucleus accumbens. In addition, also demonstrated inhibitory effects on or under low fixed-ratio and/or progressive-ratio reinforcement schedules such observed Together, these findings suggest may functionally modulate drug-taking drug-seeking behavior possibly via glutamate-dependent mechanism, therefore, deserves further study as new therapeutic target for treating

Language: Английский

---