The past, current and future epidemiological dynamic of SARS-CoV-2

Oxford Open Immunology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 3(1)

Published: Jan. 1, 2022

Abstract SARS-CoV-2, the agent of COVID-19 pandemic, emerged in late 2019 China, and rapidly spread throughout world to reach all continents. As virus expanded its novel human host, viral lineages diversified through accumulation around two mutations a month on average. Different have replaced each other since start with most successful Alpha, Delta Omicron variants concern (VoCs) sequentially sweeping high global prevalence. Neither Alpha nor was characterized by strong immune escape, their success coming mainly from higher transmissibility. is far more prone evasion primarily due increased ability (re-)infect hosts prior immunity. host immunity reaches levels globally vaccination infection, epidemic expected transition pandemic regime an endemic one where seasonality waning immunization are anticipated become primary forces shaping future SARS-CoV-2 lineage dynamics. In this review, we consider body evidence origins, tropism, epidemiology, genomic immunogenetic evolution including assessment coronaviruses infecting humans. Considering what known so far, conclude delineating scenarios for dynamic ranging good—circulation fifth ‘common cold’ coronavirus potentially low virulence, bad—a situation roughly comparable seasonal flu, ugly—extensive diversification into serotypes long-term high-level endemicity.

Language: Английский

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Ferrets are valuable models for SARS-CoV-2 research

Veterinary Pathology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 59(4), P. 661 - 672

Published: Jan. 8, 2022

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), resulted in an ongoing pandemic with millions of deaths worldwide. Infection humans can be asymptomatic or result fever, fatigue, dry cough, dyspnea, and distress multiorgan failure cases. The pathogenesis COVID-19 is not fully understood, various models employing different species are currently applied. Ferrets infected SARS-CoV-2 efficiently transmit the virus to contact animals. In contrast hamsters, ferrets usually show mild viral replication restricted upper airways. Most reports have used intranasal inoculation route, while intratracheal infection model well characterized. Herein, we present clinical, virological, pathological data from young intratracheally inoculated SARS-CoV-2. Infected animals showed no significant clinical signs, had transient peak RNA loads at 4 days postinfection, moderate rhinitis, pulmonary endothelialitis/vasculitis. Viral antigen was exclusively found epithelium nasal cavity, indicating a particular tropism for cells this location. associated epithelial damage influx inflammatory cells, including activated neutrophils releasing neutrophil extracellular traps. Scanning electron microscopy mucosa revealed loss cilia, shedding, rupture cells. established ferret comparatively discussed mink, advantages disadvantages both as research zoonotic betacoronaviruses highlighted.

Language: Английский

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SARS CoV-2 infections in animals, two years into the pandemic

Archives of Virology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 167(12), P. 2503 - 2517

Published: Oct. 7, 2022

Abstract In December 2019, several cases of pneumonia caused by a novel coronavirus, later identified as SARS-CoV-2, were detected in the Chinese city Wuhan. Due to its rapid worldwide spread, on 11 March 2020 World Health Organization declared pandemic state. Since this new virus is genetically similar coronaviruses bats, SARS-CoV-2 was hypothesized have zoonotic origin. Within year appearance infection also reported animals, suggesting human-to-animal and animal-to-animal transmission among mammals. Natural has been found companion animals well captive such lions, tigers, gorillas. Among farm so far, minks be susceptible infection, whereas not all relevant studies agree susceptibility pigs. Experimental infections documented further animal species, including mice, hamsters, cats, dogs, ferrets, raccoon cattle, non-human primates. proven crucial for clarifying role developing models viral pathogenesis immunotherapy. On whole, review aims update critically revise current information natural experimental animals.

Language: Английский

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SARS‐CoV‐2 and natural infection in animals

Journal of Medical Virology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 95(1)

Published: Sept. 19, 2022

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, which has caused serious challenges for public health systems worldwide. Due to close relationship between animals and humans, confirmed transmission from humans numerous animal species been reported. Understanding cross-species SARS-CoV-2 infection dynamics in different crucial control COVID-19 protect health. In this review, possible origins naturally susceptible are discussed. Furthermore, review categorizes by families, so as better understand animals.

Language: Английский

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The Omicron (B.1.1.529) SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern also affects companion animals

Frontiers in Veterinary Science, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 9

Published: Aug. 12, 2022

The emergence of the Omicron variant (B.1. 1.529) has brought with it an increase in incidence SARS-CoV-2 disease. However, there is hardly any data on its companion animals. We have detected presence this new domestic animals (dogs and cats) living infected owners Spain. None RT-qPCR positive (10.13%) presented clinical signs viral loads were low. In addition, shedding RNA lasted a short period time Infection concern (VOC) was confirmed by sequencing. These outcomes suggest lower virulence cats dogs. They also demonstrate transmission from humans to highlight importance active surveillance as well genomic research detect VOCs or mutations associated animal hosts.

Language: Английский

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First Detection of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 Variant of Concern in an Asymptomatic Dog in Spain

Viruses, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 13(7), P. 1379 - 1379

Published: July 15, 2021

Natural SARS-CoV-2 infection in pets has been widely documented during the last year. Although majority of reports suggested that dogs’ susceptibility to is low, little known about viral pathogenicity and transmissibility case variants concern, such as B.1.1.7 this species. Here, part a large-scale study on prevalence Spain, we have detected variant concern (VOC) dog whose owners were infected with SARS-CoV-2. The animal did not present any symptoms, but loads high nasal rectal swabs. In addition, isolation was possible from both swabs, demonstrating shedding infectious virus. Seroconversion occurred 23 days after first sampling. This documents detection VOC Spain emphasizes importance performing active surveillance genomic investigation animals.

Language: Английский

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Severe SARS-CoV-2 Infection in a Cat with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Viruses, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 13(8), P. 1510 - 1510

Published: July 31, 2021

Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), has claimed millions of human lives worldwide since the emergence zoonotic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in China December 2019. Notably, most and fatal SARS-CoV-2 infections humans have been associated with underlying clinical conditions, including diabetes, hypertension heart diseases. Here, we describe a case infection domestic cat (Felis catus) that presented hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), chronic condition described as comorbidity COVID-19 is prevalent cats. The lung affected clear evidence replication, histological lesions similar to those observed high infectious viral loads being recovered from these organs. study highlights potential impact comorbidities on outcome animals provides important information may contribute development feline model recapitulate outcomes humans.

Language: Английский

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Experimental Susceptibility of North American Raccoons (Procyon lotor) and Striped Skunks (Mephitis mephitis) to SARS-CoV-2

Frontiers in Veterinary Science, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 8

Published: Jan. 12, 2022

Recent spillback events of SARS-CoV-2 from humans to animals has raised concerns about it becoming endemic in wildlife. A sylvatic cycle could present multiple opportunities for repeated into human populations and other susceptible Based on their taxonomy natural history, two native North American wildlife species -the striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis) the raccoon (Procyon lotor) -represent a high likelihood susceptibility ecological opportunity infected with SARS-CoV-2. Eight skunks raccoons were each intranasally inoculated one doses virus (103 PFU 105 PFU) housed pairs. To evaluate direct transmission, naïve animal was added pair 48 h post-inoculation. Four control handled like experimental groups. At predetermined intervals, we collected nasal rectal swabs quantify shed via isolation detect viral RNA rRT-PCR blood serum neutralization. Lastly, euthanized at staggered intervals describe disease progression through histopathology immunohistochemistry. No developed clinical disease. All seroconverted, suggesting both are infection. The highest titers 1:128 1:64, respectively. Low quantities isolated 2/8 up day 5 post-inoculation, however no or contacts either species. Neither had gross lesions, but recovering mild chronic pneumonia consistent insult recorded histologically 5/8 skunks. Unlike another infection trial these species, detected neutralizing antibodies raccoons; thus, future serologic surveillance results must be interpreted caution. Due inability isolate raccoons, lack evidence transmission between low amount by skunks, seems unlikely become established humans. Continued outbreaks non-domestic wild captive, highlight that additional research wildlife, especially musteloidea, conservation concern, is needed.

Language: Английский

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Transmission history of SARS-CoV-2 in humans and white-tailed deer

Scientific Reports, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 12(1)

Published: July 15, 2022

Abstract The emergence of a novel pathogen in susceptible population can cause rapid spread infection. High prevalence SARS-CoV-2 infection white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ) has been reported multiple locations, likely resulting from several human-to-deer spillover events followed by deer-to-deer transmission. Knowledge the risk and direction transmission between humans potential reservoir hosts is essential for effective disease control prioritisation interventions. Using genomic data, we reconstruct history deer, estimate case finding rate attempt to infer relative rates species. We found no evidence direct or indirect human. However, with an estimated only 4.2%, spillback cannot be ruled out. extensive within populations large number unsampled cases highlights need active surveillance at human–animal interface.

Language: Английский

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Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in a free ranging leopard (Panthera pardus fusca) in India

European Journal of Wildlife Research, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 68(5)

Published: Aug. 16, 2022

Language: Английский

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