The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis

Physiological Reviews, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 99(4), P. 1877 - 2013

Published: Aug. 28, 2019

The importance of the gut-brain axis in maintaining homeostasis has long been appreciated. However, past 15 yr have seen emergence microbiota (the trillions microorganisms within and on our bodies) as one key regulators function led to appreciation a distinct microbiota-gut-brain axis. This is gaining ever more traction fields investigating biological physiological basis psychiatric, neurodevelopmental, age-related, neurodegenerative disorders. brain communicate with each other via various routes including immune system, tryptophan metabolism, vagus nerve enteric nervous involving microbial metabolites such short-chain fatty acids, branched chain amino peptidoglycans. Many factors can influence composition early life, infection, mode birth delivery, use antibiotic medications, nature nutritional provision, environmental stressors, host genetics. At extreme diversity diminishes aging. Stress, particular, significantly impact at all stages life. Much recent work implicated gut many conditions autism, anxiety, obesity, schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease. Animal models paramount linking regulation fundamental neural processes, neurogenesis myelination, microbiome activation microglia. Moreover, translational human studies are ongoing will greatly enhance field. Future focus understanding mechanisms underlying attempt elucidate microbial-based intervention therapeutic strategies for neuropsychiatric

Language: Английский

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Human gut microbiota/microbiome in health and diseases: a review

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 113(12), P. 2019 - 2040

Published: Nov. 2, 2020

Language: Английский

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Molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease

Molecular Neurodegeneration, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 15(1)

Published: July 16, 2020

Abstract Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder seen in age-dependent dementia. There currently no effective treatment for AD, which may be attributed part to lack of a clear underlying mechanism. Studies within last few decades provide growing evidence central role amyloid β (Aβ) and tau, as well glial contributions various molecular cellular pathways AD pathogenesis. Herein, we review recent progress with respect Aβ- tau-associated mechanisms, discuss dysfunction emphasis on neuronal receptors that mediate Aβ-induced toxicity. We also other critical factors affect pathogenesis, including genetics, aging, variables related environment, lifestyle habits, describe potential apolipoprotein E (APOE), viral bacterial infection, sleep, microbiota. Although have gained much towards understanding aspects this devastating disorder, greater commitment research mechanism, diagnostics will needed future research.

Language: Английский

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Microbiota-Brain-Gut Axis and Neurodegenerative Diseases

Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 17(12)

Published: Oct. 17, 2017

Language: Английский

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The Effects of Vegetarian and Vegan Diets on Gut Microbiota

Frontiers in Nutrition, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 6

Published: April 17, 2019

The difference in gut microbiota composition between individuals following vegan or vegetarian diets and those omnivorous is well documented. A plant-based diet appears to be beneficial for human health by promoting the development of more diverse stable microbial systems. Additionally, vegans vegetarians have significantly higher counts certain Bacteroidetes-related operational taxonomic units compared omnivores. Fibers (that is, non-digestible carbohydrates, found exclusively plants) most consistently increase lactic acid bacteria, such as Ruminococcus, E. rectale, Roseburia, reduce Clostridium Enterococcus species. Polyphenols, also abundant plant foods, Bifidobacterium Lactobacillus, which provide anti-pathogenic anti-inflammatory effects cardiovascular protection. High fiber intake encourages growth species that ferment into metabolites short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), including acetate, propionate, butyrate. positive SCFAs are myriad, improved immunity against pathogens, blood-brain barrier integrity, provision energy substrates, regulation critical functions intestine. In conclusion, available literature suggests a vegetarian/vegan effective ecosystem bacteria support both microbiome overall health. This review will focus on different nutrient contents, particularly diets, production affecting host

Language: Английский

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Altered microbiomes distinguish Alzheimer’s disease from amnestic mild cognitive impairment and health in a Chinese cohort

Brain Behavior and Immunity, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 80, P. 633 - 643

Published: May 8, 2019

(Background): Alzheimer's disease (AD), clinically characterized by the progressive neurodegenerative condition and cognitive impairment, is one of main causes disability in elder people worldwide. Recently, several animal studies indicated that 'gut-brain' axis might contribute to amyloid deposition AD. However, data about gut dysbiosis human AD remains scarce literature, especially including whole process In this prospective cross-sectional study, we aimed at identifying differences microbiome between patients with (Pre-onset stage amnestic mild aMCI; AD) normal cognition healthy controls (HC). Additionally, potential association IM clinical characteristics was evaluated. A total 97 subjects (33 AD, 32 aMCI, HC) were recruited study. The composition bacterial communities determined 16S ribosomal RNA Miseq sequencing. addition, Phylogenetic Investigation Communities Reconstruction Unobserved States (PICRUSt) used predict function shift intestinal microbiota. Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) or Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scores evaluate severity impairment patients. fecal microbial diversity decreased compared aMCI HC. And distinct among control groups. Among taxa, proportion phylum Firmicutes significantly reduced (P = 0.008), whereas Proteobacteria 0.024) highly enriched similar alterations observed order, class family levels these two phyla. Gammaproteobacteria, Enterobacteriales Enterobacteriaceae showed a prevalence from HC Further, significant correlation abundance altered microbiomes. Moreover, KEGG results increased modules related glycan biosynthesis metabolism pathways immune system Importantly, discriminating models based on predominant microbiota could effectively distinguish (AUC 0.890, 0.940, respectively), also 0.925). Notably, both 0.688) 0.698). Distinct communities, Enterobacteriaceae, associated when predementia subjects. These novel findings will give new clues understand provide therapeutic target for intervention marker disease.

Language: Английский

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Transfer of a healthy microbiota reduces amyloid and tau pathology in an Alzheimer’s disease animal model

Gut, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 69(2), P. 283 - 294

Published: Aug. 30, 2019

Objective Cerebral amyloidosis and severe tauopathy in the brain are key pathological features of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Despite a strong influence intestinal microbiota on AD, causal relationship between gut AD pathophysiology is still elusive. Design Using recently developed AD-like pathology with amyloid neurofibrillary tangles (ADLP APT ) transgenic mouse model which shows plaques, reactive gliosis their brains along memory deficits, we examined impact pathogenesis. Results Composition ADLP mice differed from that healthy wild-type (WT) mice. Besides, showed loss epithelial barrier integrity chronic systemic inflammation. Both frequent transfer transplantation faecal WT into ameliorated formation β plaques tangles, glial reactivity cognitive impairment. Additionally, reversed abnormalities colonic expression genes related to macrophage activity circulating blood inflammatory monocytes recipient Conclusion These results indicate microbiota-mediated immune aberrations contribute pathogenesis mice, providing new insights (colonic gene expression, permeability), (blood cell population) (pathology) axis (memory deficits). Thus, restoring microbial homeostasis may have beneficial effects treatment.

Language: Английский

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Aspects of Gut Microbiota and Immune System Interactions in Infectious Diseases, Immunopathology, and Cancer

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 9

Published: Aug. 15, 2018

The microbiota consists of a dynamic multispecies community bacteria, fungi, archaea and protozoans, bringing to the host organism dowry cells genes more numerous than its own. Among different non-sterile cavities, human gut harbors most complex microbiota, with strong impact on homeostasis immunostasis, being thus essential for maintaining health condition. In this review we outline roles in immunity, starting background information supporting further presentation implications dysbiosis susceptibility infections, hypersensitivity reactions, autoimmunity, chronic inflammation cancer. role diet antibiotics occurrence pathological consequences, as well potential probiotics restore eubiosis is also discussed.

Language: Английский

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The Gut–Brain Axis and the Microbiome: Mechanisms and Clinical Implications

Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 17(2), P. 322 - 332

Published: Oct. 4, 2018

Language: Английский

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Fecal microbiota transplantation alleviated Alzheimer’s disease-like pathogenesis in APP/PS1 transgenic mice

Translational Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 9(1)

Published: Aug. 5, 2019

Abstract Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common dementia in elderly. Treatment for AD still a difficult task clinic. associated with abnormal gut microbiota. However, little known about role of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) AD. Here, we evaluated efficacy FMT treatment We used an APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic (Tg) mouse model. Cognitive deficits, brain deposits amyloid-β (Aβ) and phosphorylation tau, synaptic plasticity as well neuroinflammation were assessed. Gut its metabolites short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Our results showed that could improve cognitive deficits reduce deposition mice. These improvements accompanied decreased tau protein levels Aβ40 Aβ42. observed increases Tg mice, showing postsynaptic density 95 (PSD-95) synapsin I expression increased after FMT. also decrease COX-2 CD11b mice found reversed changes SCFAs. Thus, may be potential therapeutic strategy

Language: Английский

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