Sex- and Gender-Related Differences in Obesity: From Pathophysiological Mechanisms to Clinical Implications

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(13), P. 7342 - 7342

Published: July 4, 2024

Obesity, primarily characterized by excessive fat accumulation, is a multifactorial chronic disease with an increasing global prevalence. Despite the well-documented epidemiology and significant advances in understanding its pathophysiology clinical implications, impact of sex typically overlooked obesity research. Worldwide, women have higher likelihood to become obese compared men. Although are offered weight loss interventions more often at earlier stages than men, they vulnerable psychopathology. Men, on other hand, less likely pursue intervention susceptible metabolic implications obesity. In this narrative review, we comprehensively explored sex- gender-specific differences development obesity, focusing variety biological variables, such as body composition, distribution energy partitioning, steroid hormones gut microbiota diversity, chromosomal genetic behavioural sociocultural variables influencing men women. Sex obesity-related comorbidities varying effectiveness different also extensively discussed.

Language: Английский

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MHO or MUO? White adipose tissue remodeling

Obesity Reviews, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(4)

Published: Jan. 7, 2024

In this review, we delve into the intricate relationship between white adipose tissue (WAT) remodeling and metabolic aspects in obesity, with a specific focus on individuals metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) unhealthy (MUO). WAT is highly heterogeneous, plastic, dynamically secreting endocrine immune organ. plays crucial role health, involving expansion mode, microenvironment, phenotype, distribution. MHO, beneficial, reducing ectopic fat deposition insulin resistance (IR) through mechanisms like increased adipocyte hyperplasia, anti-inflammatory appropriate extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, vascularization, enhanced browning, subcutaneous (SWAT) deposition. Conversely, for those MUO, leads to IR, causing dysregulation. This process involves hypertrophy, disrupted heightened pro-inflammatory brown (BAT) whitening, accumulation of visceral (VWAT) The review underscores pivotal importance intervening hinder transition from MHO MUO. insight valuable tailoring personalized effective management strategies patients clinical practice.

Language: Английский

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Brown and beige adipose tissue: New therapeutic targets for metabolic disorders

Health Sciences Review, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 10, P. 100148 - 100148

Published: Jan. 4, 2024

Brown adipocytes constitute a specialized tissue in heat build-up (i.e., thermogenesis) due to their mitochondrial uncoupling capacity, as they express thermogenic genes, playing role the energy metabolism of whole body mammals through non-shivering thermogenesis. Beige originate white adipose (WAT) browning process and are phenotypically similar brown adipocytes. Considering that activity these cells is essential reduce incidence metabolic diseases, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, stimulation fat development beige has become promising therapeutic target treat clinical conditions. Due low amount (BAT) human adults, both phenomena activation adipocytes) related better control weight, adiposity, insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia. This review focuses on comprehensively discussion importance BAT and/or WAT, approaches lead biogenesis fats, such cold exposure, thyroid hormones, physical exercise, diet pharmacological agents β3-adrenergic receptor agonist, glucagon-like peptide 1, mineralocorticoid antagonists, ephedrine). These stimulatory have shown promise activating humans. Frow our review, concluded there still many obstacles be overcome upcoming years assess real impact health absence resistance syndrome), elucidate questions surrounding physiology, so this organ can indeed considered an attractive for prevention reversal obesity disorders.

Language: Английский

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Algal Peptides for Future Food: Key Players and Multifaceted Agents in the Fight Against Cardiometabolic Syndrome

Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 101786 - 101786

Published: March 1, 2025

Language: Английский

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A Review of the Anti-Obesity Effects of Wild Edible Plants in the Mediterranean Diet and Their Active Compounds: From Traditional Uses to Action Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 24(16), P. 12641 - 12641

Published: Aug. 10, 2023

Obesity is a long-term condition resulting from continuous imbalance between the amount of energy consumed and expended. It associated with premature mortality contributes to large portion global chronic disease burden, including diabesity, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, some cancers. While lifestyle changes dietary adjustments are primary ways manage obesity, they may not always be sufficient for weight loss. In these cases, medication necessary. However, options drugs limited due their potential side effects. As result, there need identify safe effective alternative treatments. Recently, compounds, plants, bioactive phytochemicals have been considered as promising sources discovering new pharmacological agents treat obesity its related complications. These natural products can function independently or synergistically other plants augment effects at various levels body. They modulate appetite, lipase activity, thermogenesis fat synthesis degradation, satiation, adipogenesis, adipocyte apoptosis. Additionally, targeting growth differentiation diverse medicinal plants/diet significant strategy devising anti-obesity that intervene in preadipocytes, maturing mature adipocytes. Clinical trials shown wild edible Mediterranean diet reduce risk diseases. This review examines effectiveness common components managing health issues. We conducted comprehensive literature using PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Medline Plus gather data on therapeutic treating

Language: Английский

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The Role of Inflammatory Mediators in the Pathogenesis of Obesity

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 16(17), P. 2822 - 2822

Published: Aug. 23, 2024

Obesity is a pandemic of the 21st century, and prevalence this metabolic condition has enormously increased over past few decades. associated with number comorbidities complications, such as diabetes cardiovascular disorders, which can be severe fatal outcomes. Adipose tissue an endocrine organ that secretes numerous molecules proteins are capable modifying immune responses. The progression obesity adipose dysfunction, characterised by enhanced inflammation apoptosis. Increased fat-tissue mass dysregulated secretion substances adipocytes, leads to alterations. Importantly, contains cells, profile changes obesity. For instance, increasing fat enhances presence pro-inflammatory variants macrophages, major sources tumour necrosis factor α other inflammatory mediators promote insulin resistance. pathogenesis complex, understanding pathophysiological mechanisms involved may provide novel treatment methods could prevent development serious complications. aim review discuss current evidence describing involvement various in

Language: Английский

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Beyond Calories: Individual Metabolic and Hormonal Adaptations Driving Variability in Weight Management—A State-of-the-Art Narrative Review

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(24), P. 13438 - 13438

Published: Dec. 15, 2024

The global rise in obesity underscores the need for effective weight management strategies that address individual metabolic and hormonal variability, moving beyond simplistic “calories in, calories out” model. Body types—ectomorph, mesomorph, endomorph—provide a framework understanding differences fat storage, muscle development, energy expenditure, as each type responds uniquely to caloric intake exercise. Variability outcomes is influenced by factors such genetic polymorphisms epigenetic changes signaling pathways processes, well lifestyle factors, including nutrition, exercise, sleep, stress. These impact magnitude of lipogenesis myofibrillar protein synthesis during overfeeding, extent lipolysis proteolysis restriction, through complex mechanisms involve resting rate, pathways, profiles. Precision approaches, nutrigenomics, indirect calorimetry, artificial-intelligence-based strategies, can potentially leverage these insights create individualized aligned with person’s unique profile. By addressing personalized precision nutrition offers promising pathway sustainable outcomes. main objective this review examine adaptations driving variability explore how challenges strategies.

Language: Английский

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Adipokines as Diagnostic and Prognostic Markers for the Severity of COVID-19

Biomedicines, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 11(5), P. 1302 - 1302

Published: April 27, 2023

Accumulating evidence implicates obesity as a risk factor for increased severity of disease outcomes in patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Obesity is associated adipose tissue dysfunction, which not only predisposes individuals to metabolic complications, but also substantially contributes low-grade systemic inflammation, altered immune cell composition, and compromised function. This seems impact the susceptibility outcome diseases caused by viruses, obese people appear more vulnerable developing infections they recover later from infectious than normal-weight individuals. Based on these findings, efforts identify suitable diagnostic prognostic markers Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) predict have been made. includes analysis cytokines secreted tissues (adipokines), multiple regulatory functions body; instance, modulating insulin sensitivity, blood pressure, lipid metabolism, appetite, fertility. Most relevant context viral infections, adipokines influence number, consequences overall activity Hence, circulating levels diverse SARS-CoV-2 considered reveal COVID-19 markers. review article summarizes findings aimed correlate progression COVID-19. Several studies provided insights chemerin, adiponectin, leptin, resistin, galectin-3 SARS-CoV-2-infected patients, while limited information yet available apelin visfatin Altogether, current points at resistin being value disease.

Language: Английский

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The Lipid-Metabolism-Associated Anti-Obesity Properties of Rapeseed Diacylglycerol Oil

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 16(13), P. 2003 - 2003

Published: June 24, 2024

To investigate the effects of rapeseed diacylglycerol oil (RDG) intake on lipid accumulation and metabolism in C57BL/6J mice, obese mice were fed a high-fat diet which 45% total energy content came from RDG (RDGM group) or triacylglycerol (RTGM group). This intervention was conducted for 12 weeks following establishment mouse model. By end experiment, serum glucose levels RTGM RDGM groups 13.0 ± 1.3 mmol/L 9.7 1.5 mmol/L, respectively. Meanwhile, triglyceride level group 26.3% lower than that group. The weight-loss effect accompanied by significant decrease white adipose tissue (WAT) index. did not significantly change antioxidant anti-inflammatory properties vivo. improved liver abnormalities induced diet, leading to decreased damage index values (AST ALT). Additionally, compared group, expression adipogenic genes PPAR-γ DGAT both intestine 21.7% 16.7% 38.7% 47.2%, respectively, Further, most lipolytic BAT showed no after intervention. implies regulates altering liver, intestine, tissue, thereby reducing WAT. Furthermore, enhanced gut flora diversity, increasing relative unclassified Muribaculaceae decreasing Dubosiella Faecalibaculum gut, potentially accelerating metabolism. Thus, three-month exhibited benefits regulating somatotype, obesity-related indices, structure, intestine.

Language: Английский

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Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist semaglutide reduces atrial fibrillation incidence: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

European Journal of Clinical Investigation, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 54(12)

Published: July 26, 2024

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) are new anti-hyperglycaemic drugs with proven cardiovascular (CV) benefit in diabetic and non-diabetic patients at high CV risk. Despite a neutral class effect on arrhythmia risk, data semaglutide suggest possible drug-specific reducing atrial fibrillation (AF) occurrence.

Language: Английский

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