The Role of Adipokines in Health and Disease

Biomedicines, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 11(5), P. 1290 - 1290

Published: April 27, 2023

Adipokines are cell-signaling proteins secreted by adipose tissue that has been related to a low-grade state of inflammation and different pathologies. The present review aims analyze the role adipokines in health disease order understand important functions effects these cytokines. For this aim, delves into type adipocytes cytokines produced, as well their functions; relations diseases such cardiovascular, atherosclerosis, mental diseases, metabolic disorders, cancer, eating behaviors; finally, microbiota, nutrition, physical activity is discussed. This information would allow for better understanding on body organisms.

Language: Английский

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The Role of Adipokines in Inflammatory Mechanisms of Obesity

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 23(23), P. 14982 - 14982

Published: Nov. 29, 2022

Adipokines are currently widely studied cellular signaling proteins produced by adipose tissue and involved in various processes, including inflammation; energy appetite modulation; lipid glucose metabolism; insulin sensitivity; endothelial cell functioning; angiogenesis; the regulation of blood pressure; hemostasis. The current review attempted to highlight key functions adipokines inflammatory mechanisms obesity, its complications, associated diseases. An extensive search for materials on role pathogenesis obesity was conducted online using PubMed Scopus databases until October 2022.

Language: Английский

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Estrogens in Adipose Tissue Physiology and Obesity-Related Dysfunction

Biomedicines, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 11(3), P. 690 - 690

Published: Feb. 24, 2023

Menopause-related decline in estrogen levels is accompanied by a change adipose tissue distribution from gynoid to an android and increased prevalence of obesity women. These unfavorable phenomena can be partially restored hormone replacement therapy, suggesting significant role for the regulation adipocytes’ function. Indeed, preclinical studies proved involvement these hormones development, metabolism, inflammatory activity. However, relationship between bidirectional. On one hand-their deficiency leads excessive fat accumulation impairs adipocyte function, on other-adipose obese individuals characterized altered expression receptors key enzymes involved their synthesis. This narrative review aims summarize physiology, obesity-related dysfunction. Firstly, classification, synthesis, modes action are presented. Next, regulating adipogenesis activity health course described. Finally, potential therapeutic applications its derivates treatment discussed.

Language: Английский

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Advances in Research on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Targets and Therapeutic Agents

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 24(17), P. 13381 - 13381

Published: Aug. 29, 2023

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic multifaceted disease with multiple potential complications, the treatment of which can only delay and prolong terminal stage disease, i.e., type 2 diabetes (T2DM). The World Health Organization predicts that will be seventh leading cause death by 2030. Although many antidiabetic medicines have been successfully developed in recent years, such as GLP-1 receptor agonists SGLT-2 inhibitors, single-target drugs are gradually failing to meet therapeutic requirements owing individual variability, diversity pathogenesis, organismal resistance. Therefore, there remains need investigate pathogenesis T2DM more depth, identify targets, provide improved glycemic control solutions. This review presents an overview mechanisms action development latest agents targeting years. It also discusses emerging target-based therapies new targets emerged within last three aim our theoretical basis for further advancement targeted T2DM.

Language: Английский

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Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Mitochondrial Dysfunction: A Link between Obesity and Atrial Fibrillation

Antioxidants, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 13(1), P. 117 - 117

Published: Jan. 17, 2024

The adipose tissue has long been thought to represent a passive source of triglycerides and fatty acids. However, extensive data have demonstrated that the is also major endocrine organ directly or indirectly affects physiological functions almost all cell types. Obesity recognized as risk factor for multiple systemic conditions, including metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, sleep apnea, cardiovascular disorders, many others. Obesity-related changes in induce functional structural cardiac myocytes, promoting wide range atrial fibrillation (AF). Due wealth epidemiologic linking AF obesity, mechanisms underlying occurrence obese patients are an area rich ongoing investigation. progress somewhat slowed by complex phenotypes both obesity AF. triad inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction critical pathogenesis setting via proarrhythmic at level atria. aim this paper provide comprehensive view close relationship between obesity-induced clinical implications these mechanistic insights discussed.

Language: Английский

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GFRAL Is Widely Distributed in the Brain and Peripheral Tissues of Mice

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 16(5), P. 734 - 734

Published: March 4, 2024

In 2017, four independent publications described the glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) receptor alpha-like (GFRAL) as for growth differentiation 15 (GDF15, also MIC-1, NAG-1) with an expression exclusively in mice brainstem area postrema (AP) and nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) where it mediates effects of GDF15 on reduction food intake body weight. is a cell stress cytokine widespread pleiotropic effects, which both seem to be contrast reported highly specialized localization its receptor. This discrepancy prompts us re-evaluate pattern GFRAL brain peripheral tissues mice. this detailed immunohistochemical study, we provide evidence more distribution Apart from AP/NTS region, GFRAL-immunoreactivity was found prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, arcuatus including liver, small intestine, fat, kidney muscle tissues. expression, not taken into consideration so far, may explain multiple GDF-15 that are yet assigned GFRAL. Furthermore, our results could relevant development novel pharmacological therapies physical mental disorders related image intake, such eating disorders, cachexia obesity.

Language: Английский

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Underlying Mechanisms behind the Brain–Gut–Liver Axis and Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD): An Update

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(7), P. 3694 - 3694

Published: March 26, 2024

Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) includes several metabolic dysfunctions caused by dysregulation in the brain–gut–liver axis and, consequently, increases cardiovascular risks and dysfunction. In MAFLD, type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, syndrome are frequently present; these conditions related to lipogenesis systemic inflammation. This study aimed review connection between MAFLD. The inflammatory process, cellular alterations hepatocytes stellate cells, hypercaloric diet, sedentarism aggravate prognosis of patients with Thus, understand modulation physiopathology it is necessary include organokines involved this process (adipokines, myokines, osteokines, hepatokines) their clinical relevance project future perspectives condition bring light new possibilities therapeutic approaches. Adipokines responsible for activation distinct signaling different tissues, such as insulin pro-inflammatory cytokines, which important balancing substances avoid MAFLD its progression. Myokines improve quantity quality adipose contributing avoiding development Finally, hepatokines decisive improving or not progression through regulation anti-inflammatory organokines.

Language: Английский

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New Mechanisms to Prevent Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction Using Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonism (GLP-1 RA) in Metabolic Syndrome and in Type 2 Diabetes: A Review

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(8), P. 4407 - 4407

Published: April 17, 2024

This review examines the impact of obesity on pathophysiology heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and focuses novel mechanisms for HFpEF prevention using a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonism (GLP-1 RA). Obesity can lead to through various mechanisms, including low-grade systemic inflammation, adipocyte dysfunction, accumulation visceral adipose tissue, increased pericardial/epicardial tissue (contributing an increase in myocardial fat content interstitial fibrosis). Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is incretin hormone that released from enteroendocrine L-cells gut. GLP-1 reduces blood glucose levels by stimulating insulin synthesis, suppressing islet α-cell function, promoting proliferation differentiation β-cells. regulates gastric emptying appetite, RA currently indicated treating type 2 diabetes (T2D), obesity, metabolic syndrome (MS). Recent evidence indicates may play significant role preventing patients MS, or obese T2D. effect be due activating cardioprotective (the endogenous counter-regulatory renin angiotensin system AMPK/mTOR pathway) inhibiting deleterious remodeling PKA/RhoA/ROCK pathway, aldosterone levels, microinflammation). However, there still need further research validate these humans.

Language: Английский

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Omentin-1 modulates interleukin expression and macrophage polarization: Implications for rheumatoid arthritis therapy

International Immunopharmacology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 149, P. 114205 - 114205

Published: Feb. 4, 2025

Language: Английский

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Omentin-1, a Protective Adipokine for Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Journal of Inflammation Research, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: Volume 18, P. 1689 - 1701

Published: Feb. 1, 2025

Introduction: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is characterized by patients' high level of suffering. There increasing evidence for involvement the immune system in this disease. Adipokines have been reported to be critical immunoregulators many clinical conditions, including gastrointestinal (GI) inflammatory diseases. Our study aimed investigate associations omentin-1 (a newly discovered adipokine) with IBS. Methods: In current study, serum levels were measured 209 patients IBS (including three subtypes) and 188 healthy controls enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The somatic symptoms determined 5-item severity score (IBS-SSS), quality life (QOL) 34-item IBS-QOL questionnaire, psychological disorders Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS), Visceral Sensitivity Index (VSI). Therapeutic effect was investigated a 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced mouse model. Results: We found that significantly decreased diarrhea-predominant (IBS-D) subtype (not constipation or alternating subtype) compared those subjects. Patients lower suffered from higher (abdominal pain distention, flatulence, rumbling), QOL, worse status. one-year follow-up, showed potential reflect disease progression. Additionally, accompanied pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations IBS-D. Supplement protective against visceral hypersensitivity mucosal inflammation an Discussion: findings highlight value as innovative biomarker IBS, emphasizing its significance improving treatment management Keywords: irritable syndrome, adipokine, omentin-1, symptoms, life,

Language: Английский

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