The moulting arthropod: a complete genetic toolkit review

Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 99(6), P. 2338 - 2375

Published: July 22, 2024

ABSTRACT Exoskeletons are a defining character of all arthropods that provide physical support for their segmented bodies and appendages as well protection from the environment predation. This ubiquitous yet evolutionarily variable feature has been instrumental in facilitating adoption variety lifestyles exploitation ecological niches across environments. Throughout radiation produced more than one million described modern species, adaptability afforded by segmentation exoskeletons led to diversity is unrivalled amongst animals. However, because limited extensibility exoskeleton chitin cuticle components, they must be periodically shed replaced with new larger ones, notably accommodate growing individuals encased within. Therefore, grow discontinuously undergoing periodic moulting events, which follow series steps preparatory pre‐moult phase ecdysis itself post‐moult maturation exoskeletons. Each event represents particularly vulnerable period an arthropod's life cycle, so processes tightly regulated meticulously executed ensure successful transitions normal growth development. Decades research representative foundation understanding mechanisms involved. Building on this, studies continue develop test hypotheses presence function molecular including neuropeptides, hormones, receptors, so‐called early, late, fate genes, arthropod diversity. Here, we review literature comprehensive overview status accumulated knowledge genetic toolkit governing moulting. From biosynthesis regulation ecdysteroid sesquiterpenoid factors involved hormonal stimulation responses remodelling, identify commonalities differences, highlighting major gaps, groups. We examine available evidence supporting current models how components operate together prepare for, execute, recover ecdysis, comparing reports Chelicerata, Myriapoda, Crustacea, Hexapoda. Evidence generally highly taxonomically imbalanced, most based insect study systems. Biases also evident different phases processes, early triggers late effectors being least explored. Our synthesis contrasts reported observations reasonably plausible assumptions given taxonomic sampling, exposes weak or gaps need addressing. Encouragingly, advances genomics driving diversification tractable systems cataloguing putative toolkits previously under‐explored taxa. Analysis genome transcriptome data supported experimental investigations have validated “ultra‐conserved” core genes processes. The machinery likely evolved elaborations this conserved pathway backbone, but exploration needed characterise lineage‐specific changes novelties. Furthermore, linking these transformative innovations Arthropoda remains hampered untested assumptions. Promisingly however, emerging framework highlights avenues underlying genetics dynamic biology through complex physiology

Language: Английский

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Tachykinin regulates the innate immunity and disease resistance in Scylla paramamosain

Aquaculture International, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 33(2)

Published: Jan. 20, 2025

Language: Английский

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The moulting arthropod: a complete genetic toolkit review

Published: Jan. 13, 2024

Exoskeletons are a defining character of all arthropods that provide physical support for their segmented bodies and appendages as well protection from the environment predation. This ubiquitous yet evolutionarily variable feature has been instrumental in facilitating adoption variety lifestyles exploitation ecological niches across environments. Throughout radiation Arthropoda produced more than one million described modern species, adaptability afforded by segmentation exoskeletons led to diversity is unrivalled amongst animals. However, because cannot grow, they must be periodically shed replaced with new larger ones accommodate growing individuals encased within. Arthropods therefore undergo periodic moulting events, which follow series steps preparatory pre-moult phase ecdysis itself post-moult maturation exoskeleton. Each event represents particularly vulnerable period an arthropod’s life cycle, so process tightly regulated meticulously executed ensure successful transitions normal growth development. Decades research representative foundation understanding mechanisms involved. Building on this, studies continue develop test hypotheses presence function molecular components, including neuropeptides, hormones, receptors, so-called early, late, fate genes, arthropod diversity. Here, we review literature comprehensive overview current status accumulated knowledge genetic toolkit governing moulting. From biosynthesis regulation ecdysteroid sesquiterpenoid factors involved hormonal stimulation responses exoskeleton remodelling, identify commonalities differences, highlighting major gaps, groups. We examine available evidence supporting models how components operate together prepare for, execute, recover ecdysis, comparing reports Chelicerata, Myriapoda, Crustacea, Hexapoda. Evidence generally highly taxonomically imbalanced, most based insect study systems. Biases also evident different phases processes, early triggers late effectors being least explored. Our synthesis contrasts reported observations reasonably plausible assumptions given taxonomic sampling, exposes weak or gaps need addressing. Encouragingly, advances genomics driving diversification tractable systems cataloguing putative toolkits previously under-explored taxa. Analysis genome transcriptome data supported experimental investigations have validated “ultra-conserved” core genes. The machinery likely evolved elaborations this conserved pathway backbone, but exploration needed characterise lineage-specific changes novelties. Furthermore, linking these transformative innovations processes remains hampered untested assumptions. Promisingly however, emerging framework highlights avenues underlying genetics dynamic biology through complex physiology

Language: Английский

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Corazonin Stimulates Ecdysteroids Synthesis During the Molting Process of Swimming Crab, Portunus Trituberculatus

Published: Jan. 1, 2024

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Language: Английский

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The involvement of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 in regulating immune response by NF-κB at pre-molt stage of Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis)

Fish & Shellfish Immunology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 153, P. 109842 - 109842

Published: Aug. 15, 2024

Language: Английский

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Corazonin Stimulates Ecdysteroid Synthesis during the Molting Process of the Swimming Crab, Portunus trituberculatus

Biology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 13(8), P. 630 - 630

Published: Aug. 18, 2024

The neuropeptide corazonin (Crz) exerts diverse physiological effects in insects, yet its role crustaceans remains elusive. abundant expression of Crz receptor (CrzR) the Y-organs several suggests a potential involvement regulating ecdysteroid synthesis. In this study, we examined PtCrz on synthesis during molting period Portunus trituberculatus through treatments and PtCrzR silencing. Our results showed that peptide stimulates levels gene involved ecdysteroidogenesis both vitro vivo, whereas dsPtCrzR had opposite associated expression. Thus, our study may modulate via Y-organ-expressed PtCrzR. Furthermore, also discovered PtCrz/PtCrzR signaling PtETH Notably, inhibitory effect or can be reversed by treatment, suggesting existence multiple receptors for PtCrz. This provides new insights into function crustacean and, first time, elucidates presence stimulate crustaceans.

Language: Английский

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The Involvement of Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-Associated Factor 6 in Regulating Immune Response by Nf-Κb at Pre-Molt Stage of Chinese Mitten Crab (Eriocheir Sinensis)

Published: Jan. 1, 2024

Molting is a crucial biological process of crustaceans. Pre-molt, post-molt and inter-molt are three main stages in the molting cycle. The mechanism immune regulation during still need to be further explored. Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated 6 (TRAF6) was widely reported participate defense. In present study, TRAF6 gene with two TRAF-type zinc finger domains identified from Eriocheir sinensis (designed as EsTRAF6), its role regulating response at pre-molt stage mRNA expression level EsTRAF6 higher than that stage. After Aeromonas hydrophila stimulation, significantly increased stages. Meanwhile, EsRelish EsALFs were also induced by pathogen infection up-regulated Then, patterns 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) treatment detected. 12 h after 20E injection, relative protein group. Furthermore, anti-lipopolysaccharide factors (ALFs) post A. stimulation transcript inhibited TMBPS, EsALF1, EsALF2 EsALF3 transcripts decreased. Similarly, phosphorylation NF-κB TMBPS group compared DMSO Collectively, our results together indicated could promoted activating stage, which providing new perspective for study regulatory

Language: Английский

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