Marine mammal conservation: over the horizon

Endangered Species Research, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 44, P. 291 - 325

Published: Jan. 28, 2021

Marine mammals can play important ecological roles in aquatic ecosystems, and their presence be key to community structure function. Consequently, marine are often considered indicators of ecosystem health flagship species. Yet, historical population declines caused by exploitation, additional current threats, such as climate change, fisheries bycatch, pollution maritime development, continue impact many mammal species, at least 25% classified threatened (Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable) on the IUCN Red List. Conversely, some species have experienced increases/recoveries recent decades, reflecting management interventions, heralded conservation successes. To these successes reverse downward trajectories at-risk it is necessary evaluate threats faced mechanisms available address them. Additionally, there a need identify evidence-based priorities both research needs across range settings taxa. that effect we: (1) outline impacts, associated knowledge gaps recommend actions needed; (2) discuss merits downfalls established emerging mechanisms; (3) application monitoring techniques; (4) highlight particular taxa/populations urgent focus.

Language: Английский

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Polar Regions

Cambridge University Press eBooks, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 2319 - 2368

Published: June 22, 2023

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Language: Английский

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Macro- and Microplastics in the Antarctic Environment: Ongoing Assessment and Perspectives

Environments, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 9(7), P. 93 - 93

Published: July 15, 2022

The number of scientists and tourists visiting Antarctica is on the rise and, despite management framework for environmental protection, some coastal areas, particularly in Antarctic Peninsula region, are affected by plastic contamination. few data available occurrence microplastics (<5 mm) difficult to compare, due different methodologies used monitoring studies. However, indications emerging guide future research implement protocols. In surface subsurface waters Southern Ocean, debris >300 µm appears be scarce far less abundant than paint chips released from vessels. Yet, near scientific stations, fragmentation degradation larger items, as well microbeads microfibers into wastewater personal care products laundry, could potentially affect marine organisms. Some studies indicate that, through long-range atmospheric transport, fibers produced other continents can deposited Antarctica. Drifting also cross Polar Front, with potential carry alien fouling organisms Ocean. Sea ice dynamics appear favor uptake algae krill, key species food web. Euphausia superba apparently has ability fragment expel ingested particles at nanoscale. most endemic species, unique ecophysiological adaptations extreme conditions likely highly sensitive cumulative stresses caused climate change, anthropogenic disturbances. Although there limited evidence date that micro- nanoplastics have direct biological effects, our review aims raising awareness problem order assess real impact Antarctica, underlines urgency fill methodological gaps their detection all matrices, equip stations ships adequate treatment plants reduce release microfibers.

Language: Английский

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Status, Change, and Futures of Zooplankton in the Southern Ocean

Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 9

Published: June 17, 2022

In the Southern Ocean, several zooplankton taxonomic groups, euphausiids, copepods, salps and pteropods, are notable because of their biomass abundance roles in maintaining food webs ecosystem structure function, including provision globally important services. These groups consumers microbes, primary secondary producers, prey for fishes, cephalopods, seabirds, marine mammals. providing link between production, higher trophic levels these taxa influence energy flows, biological production biomass, biogeochemical cycles, carbon flux web interactions thereby modulating functioning ecosystems. Additionally, Antarctic krill ( Euphausia superba ) various fish species harvested by international fisheries. Global local drivers change expected to affect dynamics key species, which may have potentially profound wide-ranging implications Ocean ecosystems services they provide. Here we assess current understanding dominant metazoan within other euphausiid, copepod, salp pteropod species. We provide a systematic overview observed potential future responses changing functional relationships impact them. To support assessments conservation management strategies, also identify priorities research.

Language: Английский

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Biological responses to change in Antarctic sea ice habitats

Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 10

Published: Jan. 23, 2023

Sea ice is a key habitat in the high latitude Southern Ocean and predicted to change its extent, thickness duration coming decades. The sea-ice cover instrumental mediating ocean–atmosphere exchanges provides an important substrate for organisms from microbes algae predators. Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, reliant on sea during phases of life cycle, particularly larval stages, food refuge their predators, while other small grazers, including copepods amphipods, either live brine channel system or find shelter at ice-water interface gaps between rafted blocks. Fish, such as silverfish Pleuragramma antarcticum , use platelet (loosely-formed frazil crystals) essential hatching nursery ground. In this paper, we apply framework Marine Ecosystem Assessment (MEASO) review current knowledge about relationships associated primary production secondary consumers, status drivers ocean. We then qualitative network modelling explore possible responses lower trophic level biota different perturbations, warming air ocean temperatures, increased storminess reduced annual duration. This shows that pelagic algae, copepods, krill fish are likely decrease response temperatures duration, salp populations will increase under conditions number days &gt;0°C. Differences these pressures five MEASO sectors were also explored. Greater impacts environmental ice-related occurring presently found West East Pacific (notably Ross western Peninsula), with flow-on effects wider ecosystem. All expected be impacted over Finally, highlight priorities future biological research address field.

Language: Английский

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Animal Borne Ocean Sensors – AniBOS – An Essential Component of the Global Ocean Observing System

Frontiers in Marine Science, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 8

Published: Nov. 5, 2021

Marine animals equipped with biological and physical electronic sensors have produced long-term data streams on key marine environmental variables, hydrography, animal behavior ecology. These are an essential component of the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS). The Animal Borne Sensors (AniBOS) network aims to coordinate collection delivery streams, providing a complementary capability other GOOS networks that monitor Essential Variables (EOVs), climate variables (ECVs) biodiversity (EBVs). AniBOS augments observations temperature salinity within upper ocean, in areas under-sampled, information is urgently needed for improved understanding ocean variability forecasting. Additionally, measurements chlorophyll fluorescence dissolved oxygen concentrations emerging. provides used widely across research, modeling operational oceanographic communities. High latitude, shallow coastal shelves tropical seas historically been sampled poorly traditional observing platforms many reasons including sea ice presence, limited satellite coverage logistical costs. Animal-borne helping fill gap by collecting transmitting near real time average 500 temperature-salinity-depth profiles per annually and, when instruments recovered (∼30% deployed annually, n = 103 ± 34), up 1,000 month these regions. Increased from under-sampled regions greatly improve accuracy confidence estimates state studies delivering refine prediction at regional global scales. Observations Coordination Group (OCG) reviews, advises coordinates activities strengthen effective implementation system. was formally recognized 2020 as network. This improves our ability observe ocean’s structure live them more comprehensively, concomitantly improving processes societal benefit consistent UN Sustainability Goals 13 14: Climate Life below Water. Working OCG framework ensures integrated System.

Language: Английский

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Global Connectivity of Southern Ocean Ecosystems

Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 9

Published: Aug. 4, 2021

Southern Ocean ecosystems are globally important. Processes in the Antarctic atmosphere, cryosphere, and directly influence global atmospheric oceanic systems. biogeochemistry has also been shown to have importance. In contrast, ocean ecological processes often seen as largely separate from rest of system. this paper, we consider degree connectivity at different trophic levels, linking with ocean, their importance not only for regional ecosystem but wider Earth We human system connections, including role supporting society, culture, economy many nations, influencing public political views hence policy. Rather than being defined by barriers particular fronts, changes gradual due cross-front exchanges involving oceanographic organism movement. Millions seabirds hundreds thousands cetaceans move north out polar waters austral autumn interacting food webs across Hemisphere, a few species cross equator. A number migrate into east west ocean-basin boundary current continental shelf regions major southern continents. Human travel region includes fisheries, tourism, scientific vessels all sectors. These operations arise particularly Northern important local communities well national economic, scientific, activities. As result extensive connectivity, future will consequences throughout system, affecting services socio-economic impacts world. The high level means that policy decisions marine outside south Polar Front. Knowledge is critical interpreting change, projecting change impacts, identifying integrated strategies conserving managing both broader

Language: Английский

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Hemispheric asymmetry in ocean change and the productivity of ecosystem sentinels

Science, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 372(6545), P. 980 - 983

Published: May 27, 2021

Sampling seabirds The vastness of the worlds' oceans makes them difficult to monitor. Seabirds that forage and breed across globally have been recognized as sentinels ocean health. Sydeman et al. looked seabird species both Northern Southern Hemispheres found varying patterns. Hemisphere exhibited greater signs stress reduced breeding success, indicative low fish resources. showed less impact on reproductive output, suggesting populations there thus far disturbed. differences hemispheres indicate different strategies for conservation, with active recovery needed in north enhanced protection south. Science , abf1772, this issue p. 980

Language: Английский

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Applications of lipidomics in marine organisms: progress, challenges and future perspectives

Molecular Omics, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 18(5), P. 357 - 386

Published: Jan. 1, 2022

A compressive overview of LC-MS-based marine lipidomics: methodological workflow, lipid characterization, quantification and the most recent findings in phyla.

Language: Английский

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Antibiotic resistance in wildlife from Antarctic Peninsula

The Science of The Total Environment, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 916, P. 170340 - 170340

Published: Jan. 24, 2024

Language: Английский

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