Comparison of vertebrate skin structure at class level: A review

The Anatomical Record, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 305(12), P. 3543 - 3608

Published: Feb. 28, 2022

Abstract The skin is a barrier between the internal and external environment of an organism. Depending on species, it participates in multiple functions. organ that holds body together, covers protects it, provides communication with its environment. It also body's primary line defense, especially for anamniotes. All vertebrates have multilayered composed three main layers: epidermis, dermis, hypodermis. vital mission integument aquatic mucus secretion. Cornification began apmhibians, improved reptilians, endured avian mammalian epidermis. feather, most ostentatious functional structure skin, evolved Mesozoic period. After extinction dinosaurs, birds continued to diversify, followed by enlargement, expansion, diversification mammals, which brings us complicated organization mammals differing glands, cells, physiological pathways, evolution hair. Throughout these radical changes, some features were preserved among classes such as basic dermal structure, pigment cell types, coloration genetics, similar sensory features, enable track evolutionary path. structural properties all are presented. purpose this review go way back agnathans follow path step up provide comparative large updated survey about vertebrate terms morphology, physiology, ecology, immunology.

Language: Английский

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Molecular and cellular mechanisms of itch and pain in atopic dermatitis and implications for novel therapeutics

Clinical & Translational Immunology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 11(5)

Published: Jan. 1, 2022

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease. Patients with atopic experience lesions associated intense itch and pain, which lead to sleep disturbance poor mental health quality of life. We review the molecular mechanisms underlying pain symptoms in discuss current clinical development treatments for moderate-to-severe dermatitis. The pathology includes aberrant immune activation involving significant cross-talk among neuronal cells. Exogenous endogenous triggers modulate stimulation mediators including cytokine/chemokine expression/release by cells, causes inflammation, barrier disruption, growth sensory neurons, pain. These complex interactions cell types are mediated primarily cytokines, but also involve chemokines, neurotransmitters, lipids, proteases, antimicrobial peptides, agonists ion channels or various G protein-coupled receptors. have cytokine profile characterised abnormal levels interleukins 4, 12, 13, 18, 22, 31 33; thymic stromal lymphopoietin; interferon gamma. Cytokine receptors mainly signal through Janus kinase/signal transducer activator transcription pathway. Among emerging novel therapeutics, several kinase inhibitors being developed topical systemic treatment because their potential expression release. changes gene that favourable effects on local release, probably other mediators, thus successfully modulating responsible

Language: Английский

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Tenascin C+ papillary fibroblasts facilitate neuro-immune interaction in a mouse model of psoriasis

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14(1)

Published: April 10, 2023

Abstract Dermal fibroblasts and cutaneous nerves are important players in skin diseases, while their reciprocal roles during inflammation have not been characterized. Here we identify an inflammation-induced subset of papillary that promotes aberrant neurite outgrowth psoriasiform by secreting the extracellular matrix protein tenascin-C (TNC). Single-cell analysis fibroblast lineages reveals a Tnc + with pro-axonogenesis neuro-regulation transcriptomic hallmarks. TNC overexpression boosts co-cultured neurons, fibroblast-specific ablation suppresses hyperinnervation alleviates male mice modeling psoriasis. γδT cells, main producers type 17 pathogenic cytokines, frequently contact nerve fibers mouse lesions likely modulated postsynaptic signals. Overall, our results highlight role inflammation-responsive facilitating neuro-immune synapse formation suggest potential avenues for future therapeutic research.

Language: Английский

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Effects and mechanisms of acupuncture analgesia mediated by afferent nerves in acupoint microenvironments

Frontiers in Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 17

Published: Feb. 7, 2024

In the past few decades, use of acupuncture analgesia in clinical practice has increased worldwide. This is due to its various benefits, including natural alleviation pain without causing adverse effects associated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) and opioids. The acupoint represents initial site stimulation, where diverse types nerve fibers located at hold significant roles generation transmission acupuncture-related information. this study, we analyzed patterns mechanisms analgesic mediated by afferent fibers, found that stimulates acupoints which rapidly directly induces activation high-density primary under acupoints, myelinated A unmyelinated C fibers. During stimulation muscle layer, can be induced fiber threshold intensity. At skin only produced Electroacupuncture (EA) activates while manual (MA) both Furthermore, alters microenvironments, positively modulates enhancing signals. addition local conduction mediate information centers. spinal cord, neurons inducing depolarization, modulating gating, inhibiting long-term potentiation (LTP) dorsal horn wide dynamic range (WDR) neuronal activities. higher centers, inhibits pain-related brain regions. summary, signal peripheral central systems activating different on layers acupoints. study provides ideas for precise application translation acupuncture.

Language: Английский

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Advancing the Understanding of Acupoint Sensitization and Plasticity Through Cutaneous C-Nociceptors

Frontiers in Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 16

Published: May 10, 2022

Acupoint is the key area for needling treatment, but its physiology not yet understood. Nociceptors, one of responders in acupoints, are responsible acupuncture manipulation and delivering signals to spinal or supraspinal level. Recent evidence has shown that various diseases led sensory hypersensitivity functional plasticity sensitized namely, acupoint sensitization. Neurogenic inflammation predominant pathological characteristic acupoints; however, underlying mechanism sensitization remains unclear. studies have reported silent C-nociceptors (SNs), a subtype C nociceptors, can be “awakened” by inflammatory substances released terminals immune cells under tissue injury visceral dysfunction. SNs transform from mechano-insensitive nociceptors healthy state mechanosensitive nociceptors. Activated play vital role pain modulation amplify inputs injured then mediate hyperalgesia. Whether activated involved contributes delivery mechanical unclear? In this review, we discuss known functions cutaneous focus on recent highlighting plasticity.

Language: Английский

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Role of pattern recognition receptors in chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain

Brain, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 147(3), P. 1025 - 1042

Published: Sept. 29, 2023

Progress in the development of effective chemotherapy is producing a growing population patients with acute and chronic painful chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN), serious treatment-limiting side effect for which there currently no US Food Drug Administration-approved treatment. CIPNs induced by diverse classes drugs have remarkably similar clinical presentations, leading to suggestion they share underlying mechanisms. Sensory neurons immune cells ability detect damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), molecules produced cell types response cellular stress injury, including drugs. DAMPs, turn, are ligands pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), several found on sensory neurons, as well satellite cells, system. In present experiments, we evaluated role two PRRs, TLR4 RAGE, dorsal root ganglion (DRG), CIPN. Antisense (AS)-oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) against RAGE mRNA were administered intrathecally before ('prevention protocol') or 3 days after ('reversal last administration each three that treat cancer different mechanisms (oxaliplatin, paclitaxel bortezomib). AS-ODN prevented CIPN all reversal protocol, however, while completely reversed oxaliplatin- paclitaxel-induced CIPN, rats bortezomib-induced it only temporary attenuation. AS-ODN, contrast, When antagonist was intradermally nociceptor terminal, did not affect any However, when intrathecally, central attenuated hyperalgesia drugs, compatible neurotransmission at terminal but transduction terminal. Finally, since has been established cultured DRG can be used study direct effects nociceptors, also level, using patch-clamp electrophysiology from control chemotherapy-treated rats. We increased excitability small-diameter vivo vitro exposure oxaliplatin TLR4-dependent. Our findings suggest addition contribution PRR-dependent neuroimmune mechanisms, PRRs an important

Language: Английский

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Interactions between skin-resident dendritic and Langerhans cells and pain-sensing neurons

Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 154(1), P. 11 - 19

Published: March 15, 2024

Various immune cells in the skin contribute to its function as a first line of defense against infection and disease, skin's dense innervation by pain-sensing sensory neurons protects host injury or damage signals. Dendritic (DCs) are heterogeneous population that link innate response adaptive capturing, processing, presenting antigens promote T-cell differentiation activation. DCs abundant across peripheral tissues, including skin, where they found dermis epidermis. Langerhans (LCs) DC subset located only epidermis; both populations can migrate lymph nodes broad responses. Dermal LCs close apposition with nerve fibers express neurotransmitter receptors, allowing them communicate directly nervous system. Thus, neuroimmune signaling between and/or modulate physiologic pathophysiologic pathways, cell regulation, defense, allergic response, homeostasis, wound repair. Here, we summarize latest discoveries on DC- LC-neuron interaction while providing an overview gaps areas not previously explored. Understanding interactions these 2 defence systems may provide key insight into developing therapeutic targets for treating diseases such psoriasis, neuropathic pain, lupus.

Language: Английский

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Neurons as stromal drivers of nervous system cancer formation and progression

Developmental Cell, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 58(2), P. 81 - 93

Published: Jan. 1, 2023

Language: Английский

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The contribution of neuro-immune crosstalk to pain in the peripheral nervous system and the spinal cord

International Immunopharmacology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 107, P. 108700 - 108700

Published: March 18, 2022

Language: Английский

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Mechanisms of Itch in Atopic Dermatitis

Juntendo Medical Journal, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 71(1), P. 43 - 50

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common inflammatory skin disease characterized by recurrent eczematous lesions and intense itch. The pathological mechanism of AD involves complex interaction between barrier dysfunction predominantly T helper (Th) 2-skewed immune dysregulation. dysfunctional in enhances antigen penetration, exacerbating allergic reactions. Scratching further damages the barrier, worsens dryness increases release pro-inflammatory mediators, perpetuating itch-scratch cycle. Breaking this cycle with appropriate treatments vital. Th2 cells secrete interleukin (IL)-4, IL-13 IL-31 which play keys roles pathogenesis. directly induces pruritus, while IL-4 enhance itching. An increased density intraepidermal nerve fibers has been observed disease-state-dependent manner. In normal skin, both semaphorin 3A (Sema3A; repulsion factor) growth factor (NGF; elongation are expressed. However, lesions, Sema3A expression decreases NGF increases. These findings suggest that epidermal regulated fine balance NGF, playing key role itch sensitivity AD. healthy produced during early-stage differentiation keratinocytes moves into upper epidermis. levels may vary depending on state Our future research will focus regulatory mechanisms potential clinical applications.

Language: Английский

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