SARS-CoV-2 Omicron: Viral Evolution, Immune Evasion, and Alternative Durable Therapeutic Strategies

Viruses, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 16(5), P. 697 - 697

Published: April 28, 2024

Since the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron virus has gained dominance worldwide, its continual evolution with unpredictable mutations and patterns revoked all authorized immunotherapeutics. Rapid viral also necessitated several rounds of vaccine updates in order to provide adequate immune protection. It remains imperative understand how evolves into different subvariants causes escape as this could help reevaluate current intervention strategies mostly implemented clinics emergency measures counter pandemic and, importantly, develop new solutions. Here, we a review focusing on major events evolution, including features spike mutation that lead evasion against monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy vaccination, suggest alternative durable options such ACE2-based experimental therapies superior mAbs address unprecedented virus. In addition, type unique virus-trapping molecules can zoonotic SARS coronaviruses, either from unknown animal hosts or established wild-life reservoirs SARS-CoV-2, even seasonal alpha coronavirus NL63 depends human ACE2 for infection.

Language: Английский

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SARS-CoV-2 Evolution: Implications for Diagnosis, Treatment, Vaccine Effectiveness and Development

Vaccines, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 13(1), P. 17 - 17

Published: Dec. 28, 2024

The COVID-19 pandemic, driven by the rapid evolution of SARS-CoV-2 virus, presents ongoing challenges to global public health. is characterized rapidly evolving mutations, especially in (but not limited to) spike protein, complicating predictions about its evolutionary trajectory. These mutations have significantly affected transmissibility, immune evasion, and vaccine efficacy, leading multiple pandemic waves with over half a billion cases seven million deaths globally. Despite several strategies, from development administration design availability antivirals, including monoclonal antibodies, already having been employed, persistent circulation virus emergence new variants continue result high case numbers fatalities. In past four years, immense research efforts contributed much our understanding viral pathogenesis mechanism, syndrome, host-microbe interactions, effective vaccines, diagnostic tools, treatments. focus this review provide comprehensive analysis functional impact on diagnosis, treatments, effectiveness. We further discuss safety pregnancy implications hybrid immunity long-term protection against infection, as well latest developments pan-coronavirus nasal formulations, emphasizing need for continued surveillance, research, adaptive health strategies response race.

Language: Английский

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Longitudinal Analysis of SARS-CoV-2-Specific Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses and Breakthrough Infection following BNT162b2/BNT162b2/BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1/ChAdOx1/BNT162b2 Vaccination: A Prospective Cohort in Naive Healthcare Workers

Vaccines, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 11(10), P. 1613 - 1613

Published: Oct. 19, 2023

Assessing immune responses post-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination is crucial for optimizing vaccine strategies. This prospective study aims to evaluate and breakthrough infection in 235 infection-naïve healthcare workers up 13-15 months after initial two groups (108 BNT/BNT/BNT 127 ChAd/ChAd/BNT). Immune were assessed using the interferon-gamma enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay, total immunoglobulin, neutralizing activity through surrogate virus neutralization test at nine different time points. Both exhibited peak one second or third dose, followed by gradual declines over six months. Notably, ChAd group a increase ELISPOT results, but their antibody levels declined more rapidly reaching response compared BNT group. Six both had substantial cellular responses, with superior humoral (p < 0.05). As many as 55 participants displayed higher activities against Omicron variants, similar individuals, suggesting cross-immunity. Distinct classifications (<30%, >80% inhibition) correlated results. Our reveals diverse patterns based on strategies infections, emphasizing importance of understanding these dynamics optimized decisions.

Language: Английский

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Associations between clinical data, vaccination status, antibody responses, and post-COVID-19 symptoms in Thais infected with SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron variants: a 1-year follow-up study

BMC Infectious Diseases, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 24(1)

Published: Oct. 7, 2024

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes disease 2019 (COVID-19), led to a global pandemic from 2020. In Thailand, five waves of outbreaks were recorded, with the fourth and fifth driven by Delta Omicron variants, resulting in over 20,000 new confirmed cases daily at their peaks.

Language: Английский

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Immunogenicity of the Monovalent Omicron XBB.1.5-Adapted BNT162b2 COVID-19 Vaccine in People Living with HIV (PLWH)

Vaccines, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 12(7), P. 785 - 785

Published: July 17, 2024

While SARS-CoV-2 has transitioned to an endemic phase, infections caused by newly emerged variants continue result in severe, and sometimes fatal, outcomes or lead long-term COVID-19 symptoms. Vulnerable populations, such as PLWH, face elevated risk of severe illness. Emerging SARS-CoV-2, including numerous Omicron subvariants, are increasingly associated with breakthrough infections. Adapting mRNA vaccines these new may offer improved protection against for vulnerable individuals. In this study, we examined humoral cellular immune responses before after administering adapted booster vaccinations alongside a control group healthy Four weeks following vaccination, both groups exhibited significant increase neutralizing antibodies responses. Notably, there was no difference response between PLWH the controls. Immune declined rapidly three months post vaccination. However, still showed significantly increased antibody titers even months. These findings demonstrate efficacy vaccination regimen. The results suggest that regular immunizations be necessary sustain protective immunity.

Language: Английский

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Landscape of T cell epitopes displays hot mutations of SARS‐CoV‐2 variant spikes evading cellular immunity

Journal of Medical Virology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 96(2)

Published: Feb. 1, 2024

Abstract The continuous evolution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) has been accompanied by the emergence viral mutations that pose a great challenge to existing vaccine strategies. It is not fully understood with regard role on SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein from emerging variants in T cell immunity. In current study, recombinant eukaryotic plasmids were constructed as DNA vaccines express multiple strains. These used immunize BALB/c mice, and cross‐T responses these strains quantitated using interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) Elispot. Peptides covering full‐length different detect epitope‐specific IFN‐γ + CD4 CD8 fluorescence‐activated sorting. Delta Omicron BA.1 found have broad cross‐reactivity, followed Beta strain. landscapes epitopes demonstrated at least 30 Alpha BA.5 can mediate escape its sublineages 19 out mutations, most which are new, few inherited ancient circulating concerns. immunity between prototype strain be attributed located N‐terminal domain (181–246 aa [amino acids], 271–318 aa) C‐terminal (1171–1273 protein. findings provide vivo evidence for optimizing manufacturing immunization strategies or future variants.

Language: Английский

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Fluoxetine and Sertraline Potently Neutralize the Replication of Distinct SARS-CoV-2 Variants

Published: March 4, 2024

The pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 is still a major health problem. Newly emerging variants and long-COVID-19 represent challenge for the global system. In particular, individuals in developing countries with insufficient care need easily accessible, affordable effective treatments of COVID-19. Previous studies have demonstrated efficacy functional inhibitors acid sphingomyelinase (FIASMA) against infections various viruses, including early SARS-CoV-2. This work investigated whether fluoxetine sertraline, usually used as antidepressant molecules clinical practice, can inhibit replication former recently emerged vitro. Fluoxetine sertraline potently inhibited infection pseudotyped virus like particles D614G, alpha, delta, omicron BA.1 BA.5. These results highlight priority candidates large-scale phase 3 trials at different stages infections, either alone or combination other medications.

Language: Английский

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Fluoxetine and Sertraline Potently Neutralize the Replication of Distinct SARS-CoV-2 Variants

Viruses, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 16(4), P. 545 - 545

Published: March 30, 2024

The pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 is still a major health problem. Newly emerging variants and long-COVID-19 represent challenge for the global system. In particular, individuals in developing countries with insufficient care need easily accessible, affordable effective treatments of COVID-19. Previous studies have demonstrated efficacy functional inhibitors acid sphingomyelinase against infections various viruses, including early SARS-CoV-2. This work investigated whether fluoxetine sertraline, usually used as antidepressant molecules clinical practice, can inhibit replication former recently emerged vitro. Fluoxetine sertraline potently inhibited infection pseudotyped virus-like particles D614G, alpha, delta, omicron BA.1 BA.5. These results highlight priority candidates large-scale phase 3 trials at different stages infections, either alone or combination other medications.

Language: Английский

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Reduction of adverse reactions and correlation between post-vaccination fever and specific antibody response across successive SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccinations

Vaccine X, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 18, P. 100489 - 100489

Published: April 19, 2024

SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination, recognized for high immunogenicity, frequently induces adverse reactions, especially fever. We previously reported a correlation between post-vaccination fever and specific antibody responses to the primary series first booster. herein report changes in reactions across successive vaccinations, from monovalent bivalent vaccines.

Language: Английский

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T Cell Peptide Prediction, Immune Response, and Host–Pathogen Relationship in Vaccinated and Recovered from Mild COVID-19 Subjects

Biomolecules, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 14(10), P. 1217 - 1217

Published: Sept. 26, 2024

COVID-19 remains a significant threat, particularly to vulnerable populations. The emergence of new variants necessitates the development treatments and vaccines that induce both humoral cellular immunity. This study aimed identify potentially immunogenic SARS-CoV-2 peptides explore intricate host–pathogen interactions involving peripheral immune responses, memory profiles, various demographic, clinical, lifestyle factors. Using in silico experimental methods, we identified several CD8-restricted are either poorly studied or have previously unreported immunogenicity: fifteen from Spike three each non-structural proteins Nsp1-2-3-16. A peptide, LA-9, demonstrated 57% response rate ELISpot assays using PBMCs 14 HLA-A*02:01 positive, vaccinated, mild-COVID-19 recovered subjects, indicating its potential for diagnostics, research, multi-epitope vaccine platforms. We also found younger individuals, with fewer doses longer intervals since infection, showed lower anti-Spike (ELISA) anti-Wuhan neutralizing antibodies (pseudovirus assay), higher naïve T cells, central memory, effector CD4hiCD8low cells (flow cytometry) compared older subjects. In our cohort, prevalence Vδ2-γδ DN CD8 seemed correlate strong anti-NP antibody responses associate Omicron absence confusional state, habitual sporting activity.

Language: Английский

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