A Comprehensive Review of Free Radicals, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants: Overview, Clinical Applications, Global Perspectives, Future Directions, and Mechanisms of Antioxidant Activity of Flavonoid Compounds

Journal of Chemistry, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 2024, P. 1 - 21

Published: May 31, 2024

Absorption​ of free radicals in the body cannot be done by antioxidant compounds originating from human body, so exogenous antioxidants are required to help their natural action. Oxidative stress can caused an imbalance radical inhibitors and accumulation that enter cellular structures. Synthetic found external not primary choice because they harmful carcinogenic. Therefore, using ingredients provides a necessary alternative constructing novel antioxidants. Recent studies have highlighted critical analysis evaluation flavonoids unique class secondary metabolites plants used communities as traditional therapeutics with proven bioactivity. This could support new discoveries based on various herbal medicines addition, functional effectiveness against radicals. In this review, there several strengths discussion. First, study takes comprehensive approach covering aspects, including properties sources radicals, oxidative relation different diseases, defense mechanisms, specific mechanisms flavonoids. Second, focus antioxidants, especially flavonoids, also discussion about clinical applications studies, limitations, global perspectives, future research directions become references selection medicines. But, constraints should considered when interpreting findings review. mechanism is only discussed general one example compound (flavonoid) has potential antioxidant. lack regarding relationship between diseases Third, limited number investigated some discussed.

Language: Английский

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Unraveling the role of NLRP3 inflammasome in allergic inflammation: implications for novel therapies

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 15

Published: July 26, 2024

Allergic diseases like asthma, allergic rhinitis and dermatitis pose a significant global health burden, driving the search for novel therapies. The NLRP3 inflammasome, key component of innate immune system, is implicated in various inflammatory diseases. Upon exposure to allergens, undergoes two-step activation process (priming assembly) form active inflammasomes. These inflammasomes trigger caspase-1 activation, leading cleavage pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β IL-18) GSDMD. This induces pyroptosis amplifies inflammation. Recent studies humans mice strongly suggest link between IL-1β, IL-18, development However, further research needed fully understand NLRP3's specific mechanisms allergies. review aims summarize latest advances regulation. We will discuss small molecule drugs natural products targeting as potential therapeutic strategies

Language: Английский

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Deciphering the Interplay between the Epithelial Barrier, Immune Cells, and Metabolic Mediators in Allergic Disease

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(13), P. 6913 - 6913

Published: June 24, 2024

Chronic exposure to harmful pollutants, chemicals, and pathogens from the environment can lead pathological changes in epithelial barrier, which increase risk of developing an allergy. During allergic inflammation, cells send proinflammatory signals group 2 innate lymphoid cell (ILC2s) eosinophils, require energy resources mediate their activation, cytokine/chemokine secretion, mobilization other cells. This review aims provide overview metabolic regulation asthma, atopic dermatitis (AD), rhinitis (AR), highlighting its underlying mechanisms phenotypes, potential regulatory roles eosinophils ILC2s. Eosinophils ILC2s regulate inflammation through lipid mediators, particularly cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) prostaglandins (PGs). Arachidonic acid (AA)-derived metabolites Sphinosine-1-phosphate (S1P) are significant markers that indicate immune dysfunction barrier Notably, promoters symptoms exhibit greater plasticity compared ILC2s, directly involved promoting symptoms. Our findings suggest metabolomic analysis provides insights into complex interactions between cells, environmental factors. Potential therapeutic targets have been highlighted further understand Future research metabolomics facilitate development novel diagnostics therapeutics for future application.

Language: Английский

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Advancements in Green Nanoparticle Technology: Focusing on the Treatment of Clinical Phytopathogens

Biomolecules, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 14(9), P. 1082 - 1082

Published: Aug. 28, 2024

Opportunistic pathogenic microbial infections pose a significant danger to human health, which forces people use riskier, more expensive, and less effective drugs compared traditional treatments. These may be attributed several factors, such as overusing antibiotics in medicine lack of sanitization hospital settings. In this context, researchers are looking for new options combat worrying condition find solution. Nanoparticles currently being utilized the pharmaceutical sector; however, there is persistent worry regarding their potential health due usage toxic chemicals, makes utilization nanoparticles highly hazardous eukaryotic cells. Multiple nanoparticle-based techniques now developed, offering essential understanding synthesis components that play crucial role producing anti-microbial nanotherapeutic pharmaceuticals. regard, green considered than other forms, providing avoiding extensive harm microbiome prevalent with existing procedures. This review article aims comprehensively assess current state knowledge on related antibiotic activity well assist treating opportunistic clinical phytopathogenic illnesses.

Language: Английский

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Pleurotus eryngii Mushrooms Fermented with Human Fecal Microbiota Protect Intestinal Barrier Integrity: Immune Modulation and Signalling Pathways Counter Deoxycholic Acid-Induced Disruption in Healthy Colonic Tissue

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 17(4), P. 694 - 694

Published: Feb. 14, 2025

Background: This study explores the potential of Pleurotus eryngii mushroom fermentation supernatant (FS-PEWS) as an intervention for mitigating sodium deoxycholate (SDC)-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction and inflammation. Methods: FS-PEWS was assessed its protective effects against SDC-induced inflammation using in vitro Caco-2 cell model ex vivo colonic biopsies from healthy adult donors, where integrity, permeability, immunomodulation receptor-mediated pathways were evaluated. Results: In cells, SDC exposure downregulated ZO-1, occludin, claudin-1 expression, with restoring ZO-1 levels while maintaining viability. adults, maintained tissue integrity selectively mitigated transcellular permeability without affecting paracellular when combined stressor. Additionally, exhibited potent anti-inflammatory effects, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines, e.g., TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β modulating pathways, i.e., TLR-4, dectin-1. Conclusions: These results demonstrate to sustain function modulate immune responses under stress, highlighting therapeutic managing gut associated microbial metabolite-induced disruptions.

Language: Английский

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Modulating nasal barrier function and tissue remodeling in inflammatory diseases: the role of ginseng and its bioactive compounds

Tissue Barriers, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Feb. 23, 2025

Ginseng, a well-known herbal supplement, is widely recognized for its pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immune-modulatory effects. This review explores the potential therapeutic benefits of ginseng, particularly active compounds, ginsenosides, in promoting nasal mucosa health. The plays crucial role respiratory defense, acting as barrier to pathogens particulate matter, while also orchestrating immune responses. Ginseng's bioactive compounds have shown promise modulating inflammation, reducing oxidative stress, enhancing functions, which could be beneficial conditions such allergic rhinitis, chronic rhinosinusitis, viral infections. Histological studies highlight impact ginseng on mucosal cells, regulating responses tissue resilience. Research demonstrates that can reduce inflammation passages by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines pathways like NF-κB, activity cells natural killer macrophages. Furthermore, ginseng's antioxidant properties help protect from damage, common conditions. Although promising, evidence base still developing, with many limited small sample sizes variations preparations. Further clinical trials are needed substantiate efficacy, optimal dosage, delivery methods treating provides insights into complementary approach health improving outcomes.

Language: Английский

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Primary atopic disorders: inborn errors of immunity causing severe allergic disease

Current Opinion in Immunology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 94, P. 102538 - 102538

Published: Feb. 27, 2025

Allergic diseases, including asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and food allergies, are driven by dysregulated immune responses, often involving IgE-mediated mast cell basophil activation, Th2 inflammation, epithelial dysfunction. While environmental factors well-known contributors, the genetic components underpinning these conditions increasingly understood. Traditionally viewed as polygenic multifactorial disorders, diseases can also be caused single-gene defects affecting system skin barrier, leading to profoundly responses. These monogenic disorders collectively referred primary or PADs. To date, over 48 have been established cause This review highlights (i) significance of PADs, (ii) biological pathways involved in pathogenesis (iii) clinical strategies differentiate PADs from their much more common counterparts, (iv) diagnostic for

Language: Английский

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Breaking Barriers: The Detrimental Effects of Combined Ragweed and House Dust Mite Allergen Extract Exposure on the Bronchial Epithelium

Applied Sciences, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 15(8), P. 4113 - 4113

Published: April 9, 2025

(1) Background: Respiratory allergens, particularly ragweed (RW) pollen and house dust mites (HDMs), are major triggers of respiratory inflammation allergic diseases. This study investigated the impact single- versus combined-allergen exposure on barrier function normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells cultured at air–liquid interface (ALI). (2) Methods: NHBE were exposed to RW extract (200 µg/mL), HDM µg/mL) their combination varying concentrations µg/mL, 100 50 25 µg/mL). Additional groups included a mixture Amb 1, 11 12 (100 mg/mL) combinations Der p 1 with allergens (50 mg/mL, Transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was recorded over 72 hours assess integrity, immunofluorescence (IF) staining for zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) performed evaluate tight junction alterations. (3) Results: TEER measurements showed significant reduction in integrity following allergen exposure, most pronounced disruption observed combined groups. IF confirmed extensive damage, highlighting synergistic impact. (4) Conclusions: These findings emphasize importance assessing cumulative effects, as may exacerbate dysfunction represent key aspect management rhinitis asthma.

Language: Английский

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Allergic rhinitis in children is associated with high serum levels of zonulin

International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 112350 - 112350

Published: April 1, 2025

Language: Английский

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Molecular and Immunological Mechanisms Associated with Diesel Exhaust Exposure

Targets, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 3(2), P. 14 - 14

Published: April 21, 2025

Air pollution, particularly from vehicular emissions, has emerged as a critical environmental health concern, contributing to global estimated 7 million premature deaths annually. Diesel exhaust, major component of urban air contains fine particulate matter and gases that evade respiratory filtration, penetrating deep into the lungs triggering oxidative stress, inflammation, immune dysregulation. Epidemiological in vitro studies have linked diesel exhaust exposure diseases such asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, fibrosis, lung cancer, with immunological mechanisms playing central role. particles induce impair macrophage phagocytosis, skew T-cell polarization toward pro-inflammatory Th2 Th17 responses, exacerbating inflammation tissue damage. Despite these insights, significant gaps remain understanding precise immunomodulatory pathways long-term systemic effects exposure. While animal models provide valuable data, they often fail capture complexity human responses. Further research is needed elucidate underlying exhaust-induced dysregulation, vulnerable populations pre-existing conditions. This review focuses on summarizing current knowledge identifying are essential for developing targeted interventions policies mitigate adverse impacts improve outcomes globally.

Language: Английский

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