Glycosyltransferases: glycoengineers in human milk oligosaccharide synthesis and manufacturing DOI Creative Commons

A. Slater,

Andrew G. McDonald, Rita M. Hickey

et al.

Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 12

Published: April 30, 2025

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are a diverse group of complex carbohydrates that play crucial roles in infant health, promoting beneficial gut microbiota, modulating immune responses, and protecting against pathogens. Central to the synthesis HMOs glycosyltransferases, specialized class enzymes catalyse transfer sugar moieties form glycan structures characteristic HMOs. This review provides an in-depth analysis beginning with their classification based on structural functional characteristics. The catalytic activity these is explored, highlighting mechanisms by which they facilitate precise addition monosaccharides HMO biosynthesis. Structural insights into glycosyltransferases also discussed, shedding light how conformational features enable specific glycosidic bond formations. maps out key biosynthetic pathways involved production, including lactose, subsequent fucosylation sialylation processes, all intricately regulated glycosyltransferases. Industrial methods for synthesis, chemical, enzymatic, microbial approaches, examined, emphasizing role processes. Finally, discusses future directions glycosyltransferase research, particularly enhancing efficiency developing advanced analytical techniques better understand complexity biological functions

Language: Английский

Challenges and Opportunities in Quantifying Bioactive Compounds in Human Breastmilk DOI Creative Commons
Amna Ghith, Reza Maleki, Luke E. Grzeskowiak

et al.

Biomolecules, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 15(3), P. 325 - 325

Published: Feb. 24, 2025

Breastmilk is a complex biological fluid containing over thousand bioactive proteins, lipids, cells and small molecules that provide nutrition immunological protection for infants children. The composition of breastmilk unique to each individual can also vary within individuals according breastfeeding duration, maternal health, time day, other factors. As such, the be considered “fingerprint” could interrogated identify biomarkers breast health disease. However, accurate quantification components in remains significant challenge. Approaches such as immunoassays mass spectrometry have been largely applied study blood or fluids require validation optimisation before these techniques used accurately quantify compounds breastmilk. Development protocols specific should carried out with high precision, confidence, sensitivity. This review explores challenges opportunities associated different components.

Language: Английский

Citations

0
Glycosyltransferases: glycoengineers in human milk oligosaccharide synthesis and manufacturing DOI Creative Commons

A. Slater,

Andrew G. McDonald, Rita M. Hickey

et al.

Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 12

Published: April 30, 2025

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are a diverse group of complex carbohydrates that play crucial roles in infant health, promoting beneficial gut microbiota, modulating immune responses, and protecting against pathogens. Central to the synthesis HMOs glycosyltransferases, specialized class enzymes catalyse transfer sugar moieties form glycan structures characteristic HMOs. This review provides an in-depth analysis beginning with their classification based on structural functional characteristics. The catalytic activity these is explored, highlighting mechanisms by which they facilitate precise addition monosaccharides HMO biosynthesis. Structural insights into glycosyltransferases also discussed, shedding light how conformational features enable specific glycosidic bond formations. maps out key biosynthetic pathways involved production, including lactose, subsequent fucosylation sialylation processes, all intricately regulated glycosyltransferases. Industrial methods for synthesis, chemical, enzymatic, microbial approaches, examined, emphasizing role processes. Finally, discusses future directions glycosyltransferase research, particularly enhancing efficiency developing advanced analytical techniques better understand complexity biological functions

Language: Английский

Citations

0