Polar Regions

Cambridge University Press eBooks, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 2319 - 2368

Published: June 22, 2023

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Language: Английский

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Antarctic ecosystems in transition – life between stresses and opportunities

Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 96(3), P. 798 - 821

Published: Dec. 22, 2020

Important findings from the second decade of 21st century on impact environmental change biological processes in Antarctic were synthesised by 26 international experts. Ten key messages emerged that have stakeholder-relevance and/or a high for scientific community. They address (i) altered biogeochemical cycles, (ii) ocean acidification, (iii) climate hotspots, (iv) unexpected dynamism seabed-dwelling populations, (v) spatial range shifts, (vi) adaptation and thermal resilience, (vii) sea ice related fluctuations, (viii) pollution, (ix) endangered terrestrial endemism (x) discovery unknown habitats. Most biotas are exposed to multiple stresses considered vulnerable due narrow tolerance ranges, rapid change, projected circumpolar impacts, low potential timely genetic adaptation, migration barriers. ecosystem functions, such as primary production energy transfer between trophic levels, already changed, biodiversity patterns shifted. A confidence assessment degree 'scientific understanding' revealed an intermediate level most more detailed sub-messages, indicating process-oriented research has been successful past decade. Additional efforts necessary, however, achieve robustness knowledge is required inform protection measures unique marine ecosystems, their contributions global services.

Language: Английский

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Future Risk for Southern Ocean Ecosystem Services Under Climate Change

Frontiers in Marine Science, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 7

Published: Jan. 14, 2021

The Southern Ocean supports ecosystem services that are important on a global scale. Climate change and human activities (tourism, fishing, research) will affect both the demand for, provision of, these into future. Here we synthesize recent assessments of current status expected future climate-driven changes in ecosystems evaluate potential consequences for services. We explore detail three key (the ‘blue carbon’ pathway, Antarctic krill fishery, tourism), tracing climate from physical drivers through biological impacts to benefits humans. consider non-climatic change, demands services, main regional policy frameworks could be used manage risks changing climate. also develop formal representation network interactions between suite providing framework capture complexity this its embedded feedback loops. Increased consideration linkages feedbacks required underpin robust management responses

Language: Английский

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Status, Change, and Futures of Zooplankton in the Southern Ocean

Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 9

Published: June 17, 2022

In the Southern Ocean, several zooplankton taxonomic groups, euphausiids, copepods, salps and pteropods, are notable because of their biomass abundance roles in maintaining food webs ecosystem structure function, including provision globally important services. These groups consumers microbes, primary secondary producers, prey for fishes, cephalopods, seabirds, marine mammals. providing link between production, higher trophic levels these taxa influence energy flows, biological production biomass, biogeochemical cycles, carbon flux web interactions thereby modulating functioning ecosystems. Additionally, Antarctic krill ( Euphausia superba ) various fish species harvested by international fisheries. Global local drivers change expected to affect dynamics key species, which may have potentially profound wide-ranging implications Ocean ecosystems services they provide. Here we assess current understanding dominant metazoan within other euphausiid, copepod, salp pteropod species. We provide a systematic overview observed potential future responses changing functional relationships impact them. To support assessments conservation management strategies, also identify priorities research.

Language: Английский

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Biological responses to change in Antarctic sea ice habitats

Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 10

Published: Jan. 23, 2023

Sea ice is a key habitat in the high latitude Southern Ocean and predicted to change its extent, thickness duration coming decades. The sea-ice cover instrumental mediating ocean–atmosphere exchanges provides an important substrate for organisms from microbes algae predators. Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, reliant on sea during phases of life cycle, particularly larval stages, food refuge their predators, while other small grazers, including copepods amphipods, either live brine channel system or find shelter at ice-water interface gaps between rafted blocks. Fish, such as silverfish Pleuragramma antarcticum , use platelet (loosely-formed frazil crystals) essential hatching nursery ground. In this paper, we apply framework Marine Ecosystem Assessment (MEASO) review current knowledge about relationships associated primary production secondary consumers, status drivers ocean. We then qualitative network modelling explore possible responses lower trophic level biota different perturbations, warming air ocean temperatures, increased storminess reduced annual duration. This shows that pelagic algae, copepods, krill fish are likely decrease response temperatures duration, salp populations will increase under conditions number days >0°C. Differences these pressures five MEASO sectors were also explored. Greater impacts environmental ice-related occurring presently found West East Pacific (notably Ross western Peninsula), with flow-on effects wider ecosystem. All expected be impacted over Finally, highlight priorities future biological research address field.

Language: Английский

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Environmental contamination and climate change in Antarctic ecosystems: an updated overview

Environmental Science Advances, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 3(4), P. 543 - 560

Published: Jan. 1, 2024

The review presents a complete update of previous reviews on the topics environmental contamination, climate change and human impact Antarctic ecosystems.

Language: Английский

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Global Connectivity of Southern Ocean Ecosystems

Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 9

Published: Aug. 4, 2021

Southern Ocean ecosystems are globally important. Processes in the Antarctic atmosphere, cryosphere, and directly influence global atmospheric oceanic systems. biogeochemistry has also been shown to have importance. In contrast, ocean ecological processes often seen as largely separate from rest of system. this paper, we consider degree connectivity at different trophic levels, linking with ocean, their importance not only for regional ecosystem but wider Earth We human system connections, including role supporting society, culture, economy many nations, influencing public political views hence policy. Rather than being defined by barriers particular fronts, changes gradual due cross-front exchanges involving oceanographic organism movement. Millions seabirds hundreds thousands cetaceans move north out polar waters austral autumn interacting food webs across Hemisphere, a few species cross equator. A number migrate into east west ocean-basin boundary current continental shelf regions major southern continents. Human travel region includes fisheries, tourism, scientific vessels all sectors. These operations arise particularly Northern important local communities well national economic, scientific, activities. As result extensive connectivity, future will consequences throughout system, affecting services socio-economic impacts world. The high level means that policy decisions marine outside south Polar Front. Knowledge is critical interpreting change, projecting change impacts, identifying integrated strategies conserving managing both broader

Language: Английский

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The Influence of Air‐Sea CO₂ Disequilibrium on Carbon Sequestration by the Ocean's Biological Pump

Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 38(2)

Published: Jan. 29, 2024

Abstract The ocean's biological carbon pump (BCP) affects the Earth's climate by sequestering CO 2 away from atmosphere for decades to millennia. One primary control on amount of sequestered is air‐sea disequilibrium, which controlled rate exchange and residence time in surface waters. Here, we use a data‐assimilated model soft tissue BCP quantify sequestration inventories scales remineralization water column equilibration with atmosphere. We find that disequilibrium enhances global biogenic inventory ∼35% its ∼70 years compared identical calculations made assuming instantaneous exchange. Locally, greatest enhancement occurs subpolar Southern Ocean, where increases times up 600 dissolved inorganic >100% upper ocean. Contrastingly, deep‐water formation regions North Atlantic Antarctic margins, production creates undersaturated waters are subducted before fully equilibrating atmosphere, decreases depth‐integrated ∼150%. particularly important respired deep upwell Ocean. These results highlight importance accounting when evaluating assessing efficacy ocean‐based removal methods.

Language: Английский

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Responses of Southern Ocean Seafloor Habitats and Communities to Global and Local Drivers of Change

Frontiers in Marine Science, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 8

Published: May 13, 2021

Knowledge of life on the Southern Ocean seafloor has substantially grown since beginning this century with increasing ship-based surveys and regular monitoring sites, new technologies greatly enhanced data sharing. However, habitats their communities exhibit high spatial variability heterogeneity that challenges way in which we assess state benthos larger scales. The Antarctic shelf is rich diversity compared deeper water areas, important for storing carbon (“blue carbon”) provides habitat commercial fish species. In paper, focus shelf, are vulnerable to drivers change including ocean temperatures, iceberg scour, sea ice melt, acidification, fishing pressures, pollution non-indigenous Some most areas include West Peninsula, experiencing rapid regional warming increased iceberg-scouring, subantarctic islands tourist destinations where human activities environmental conditions increase potential establishment species active around South Georgia, Heard MacDonald Islands. Vulnerable those low thermal tolerance, calcifying susceptible acidity as well slow-growing habitat-forming can be damaged by gears e.g., sponges, bryozoan, coral Management regimes protect key from activities; some will need more protection than others, accounting specific traits make vulnerable, slow growing long-lived species, restricted locations optimum physiological available food, distributions rare Ecosystem-based management practices long-term, highly protected may effective tools preservation habitats. Here, outlining responses observed date projections future. We discuss action preserve under climate change, pressures other anthropogenic impacts.

Language: Английский

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Local Drivers of Change in Southern Ocean Ecosystems: Human Activities and Policy Implications

Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 9

Published: June 24, 2021

Local drivers are human activities or processes that occur in specific locations, and cause physical ecological change at the local regional scale. Here, we consider marine land-derived pollution, non-indigenous species, tourism other visits, exploitation of resources, recovery mammals, coastal as a result ice loss, terms their historic current extent, interactions with Southern Ocean environment. We summarise projected increases decreases influence drivers, changes to geographic range, concluding fishing, mammals predicted increase future across Ocean. can be managed regionally, identify existing governance frameworks part Antarctic Treaty System instruments which may employed mitigate limit impacts on ecosystems.

Language: Английский

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