Journal of Neuroscience,
Journal Year:
2016,
Volume and Issue:
36(24), P. 6420 - 6430
Published: June 15, 2016
Early
institutional
care
can
be
profoundly
stressful
for
the
human
infant,
and,
as
such,
lead
to
significant
alterations
in
brain
development.
In
animal
models,
similar
variants
of
early
adversity
have
been
shown
modify
amygdala–hippocampal–prefrontal
cortex
development
and
associated
aversive
learning.
The
current
study
examined
this
rearing
aberration
Eighty-nine
children
adolescents
who
were
either
previously
institutionalized
(PI
youth;
N
=
46;
33
females
13
males;
age
range,
7–16
years)
or
raised
by
their
biological
parents
from
birth
(N
43;
22
21
completed
an
aversive-learning
paradigm
while
undergoing
functional
neuroimaging,
wherein
visual
cues
paired
with
sound
(CS+)
no
(CS−).
For
PI
youth,
better
learning
was
higher
concurrent
trait
anxiety.
Both
groups
showed
robust
amygdala
activation
CS+
versus
CS−
trials.
However,
youth
also
exhibited
broader
recruitment
several
regions
increased
hippocampal
connectivity
prefrontal
cortex.
Stronger
between
hippocampus
ventromedial
PFC
predicted
improvements
future
anxiety
(measured
2
years
later),
particularly
true
within
group.
These
results
suggest
that
humans
well
other
species,
alters
neurobiology
engaging
a
prefrontal–subcortical
circuit
than
same-aged
peers.
differences
are
interpreted
ontogenetic
adaptations
potential
sources
resilience.
SIGNIFICANCE
STATEMENT
Prior
institutionalization
is
form
adversity.
While
nonhuman
research
suggests
neurocircuitry,
prior
work
has
humans.
Here,
we
show
experienced
institutionalization,
but
not
comparison
recruit
during
Among
individual
worse
prospectively
following
scanning
youth.
age-atypical
engagement
distributed
set
may
serve
protective
function.
American Journal of Psychiatry,
Journal Year:
2016,
Volume and Issue:
173(11), P. 1083 - 1093
Published: Sept. 9, 2016
Tremendous
progress
has
been
made
in
basic
neuroscience
recent
decades.
One
area
that
especially
successful
is
research
on
how
the
brain
detects
and
responds
to
threats.
Such
studies
have
demonstrated
comparable
patterns
of
brain-behavior
relationships
underlying
threat
processing
across
a
range
mammalian
species,
including
humans.
This
would
seem
be
an
ideal
body
information
for
advancing
our
understanding
disorders
which
altered
key
factor,
namely,
fear
anxiety
disorders.
But
not
led
significant
improvements
clinical
practice.
The
authors
propose
order
take
advantage
this
gain,
conceptual
reframing
needed.
Key
change
recognition
distinction
between
circuits
two
classes
responses
elicited
by
threats:
1)
behavioral
accompanying
physiological
changes
2)
conscious
feeling
states
reflected
self-reports
anxiety.
leads
“two
systems”
view
argue
failure
recognize
consistently
emphasize
impeded
hindered
attempts
develop
more
effective
pharmaceutical
psychological
treatments.
two-system
suggests
new
way
forward.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
Journal Year:
2017,
Volume and Issue:
114(10)
Published: Feb. 15, 2017
Significance
Although
emotions,
or
feelings,
are
the
most
significant
events
in
our
lives,
there
has
been
relatively
little
contact
between
theories
of
emotion
and
emerging
consciousness
cognitive
science.
In
this
paper
we
challenge
conventional
view,
which
argues
that
emotions
innately
programmed
subcortical
circuits,
propose
instead
higher-order
states
instantiated
cortical
circuits.
What
differs
emotional
nonemotional
experiences,
argue,
is
not
one
originates
subcortically
other
cortically,
but
kinds
inputs
processed
by
network.
We
offer
modifications
theory,
a
leading
theory
consciousness,
to
allow
account
for
self-awareness,
then
extend
model
conscious
experiences.
Journal of Neuroscience,
Journal Year:
2016,
Volume and Issue:
36(31), P. 8050 - 8063
Published: Aug. 3, 2016
It
is
widely
thought
that
phasic
and
sustained
responses
to
threat
reflect
dissociable
circuits
centered
on
the
central
nucleus
of
amygdala
(Ce)
bed
stria
terminalis
(BST),
two
major
subdivisions
extended
amygdala.
Early
versions
this
hypothesis
remain
highly
influential
have
been
incorporated
into
National
Institute
Mental
Health
Research
Domain
Criteria
framework.
However,
new
observations
encourage
a
different
perspective.
Anatomical
studies
show
Ce
BST
form
tightly
interconnected
unit,
where
kinds
threat-relevant
information
can
be
integrated
used
assemble
states
fear
anxiety.
Imaging
in
humans
monkeys
exhibit
similar
functional
profiles.
Both
regions
are
sensitive
range
aversive
challenges,
including
uncertain
or
temporally
remote
threat;
both
covary
with
concurrent
signs
symptoms
anxiety;
short-lived
heightened
activity
during
exposure
diffusely
threatening
contexts.
Mechanistic
demonstrate
control
expression
anxiety
diffuse
threat.
These
compel
reconsideration
amygdala9s
contributions
its
role
neuropsychiatric
disease.
Psychological Bulletin,
Journal Year:
2016,
Volume and Issue:
142(12), P. 1275 - 1314
Published: Oct. 11, 2016
Dispositional
negativity-the
propensity
to
experience
and
express
more
frequent,
intense,
or
enduring
negative
affect-is
a
fundamental
dimension
of
childhood
temperament
adult
personality.
Elevated
levels
dispositional
negativity
can
have
profound
consequences
for
health,
wealth,
happiness,
drawing
the
attention
clinicians,
researchers,
policymakers.
Here,
we
highlight
recent
advances
in
our
understanding
psychological
neurobiological
processes
linking
stable
individual
differences
momentary
emotional
states.
Self-report
data
suggest
that
3
key
pathways-increased
stressor
reactivity,
tonic
increases
affect,
increased
exposure-explain
most
heightened
affect
characterizes
individuals
with
disposition.
Of
these
pathways,
tonically
elevated,
indiscriminate
appears
be
central
daily
life
relevant
development
psychopathology.
New
behavioral
biological
provide
insights
into
neural
systems
underlying
pathways
motivate
hypothesis
seemingly
"tonic"
may
actually
reflect
reactivity
stressors
are
remote,
uncertain,
diffuse.
Research
focused
on
humans,
monkeys,
rodents
suggests
this
reflects
trait-like
variation
activity
connectivity
several
brain
regions,
including
extended
amygdala
parts
prefrontal
cortex.
Collectively,
observations
an
integrative
psychobiological
framework
dynamic
cascade
bind
traits
states
and,
ultimately,
disorders
other
kinds
adverse
outcomes.
(PsycINFO
Database
Record
