Pathophysiology and Management Strategies for Post-Stroke Spasticity: An Update Review

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 26(1), P. 406 - 406

Published: Jan. 5, 2025

Post-stroke spasticity (PSS), characterized by a velocity-dependent increase in muscle tone and exaggerated reflexes, affects significant portion of stroke patients presents substantial obstacle to post-stroke rehabilitation. Effective management treatment for PSS remains clinical challenge the interdisciplinary aspect depending on understanding its etiologies pathophysiology. We systematically review relevant literature provide main pathogenic hypotheses: alterations balance excitatory inhibitory inputs descending pathway or spinal circuit, which are secondary cortical subcortical ischemic hemorrhagic injury, lead disinhibition stretch reflex increased tone. Prolongation motoneuron responses synaptic excitation persistent inward currents changes contribute hypertonia. The guidelines advocate variety therapeutic approaches, yet they hindered constraints such as dose-dependent adverse effects, high cost, limited efficacy. Taken together, we highlight key processes pathophysiology summarize many interventions, including neuroprotective agents, gene therapy, targeted physiotherapy, NexTGen therapy complementary alternative medicine. aim confer additional benefits lay foundation development new potential therapies against PSS.

Language: Английский

Advances in Brain-Computer Interface Controlled Functional Electrical Stimulation for Upper Limb Recovery After Stroke

Brain Research Bulletin, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 226, P. 111354 - 111354

Published: April 23, 2025

Stroke often results in varying degrees of functional impairment, significantly affecting patients' quality daily life. In recent years, brain-computer interface-controlled electrical stimulation has offered new therapeutic approaches for post-stroke rehabilitation. This paper reviews the application BCI-FES recovery upper limb function after stroke and explores its underlying mechanisms. By analyzing relevant studies, aim is to provide a theoretical basis rehabilitating post-stroke, promote BCI-FES, offer guidance future clinical practice.

Language: Английский