Frontiers in Oncology,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
14
Published: March 13, 2024
Animal
models
have
been
commonly
used
in
immunotherapy
research
to
study
the
cell
response
external
agents
and
assess
effectiveness
safety
of
new
therapies.
Over
past
few
decades,
immunocompromised
(also
called
immunodeficient)
mice
allowed
researchers
grow
human
tumor
cells
without
impact
host’s
immune
system.
However,
while
this
model
is
very
valuable
understand
biology
underlying
mechanism
immunotherapy,
results
may
not
always
directly
translate
humans.
The
microenvironment
has
significant
implications
for
engraftment,
growth,
invasion,
etc.,
system
plays
a
critical
role
shaping
microenvironment.
Human
immunocompetent
mice,
also
named
humanized
are
engineered
that
possess
functional
cells.
This
vivo
can
be
effectively
effect
implanted
tumor.
Moreover,
mimic
treatment.
section
an
overview
current
understanding
different
could
utilized
chordoma.
Cancer Letters,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
591, P. 216894 - 216894
Published: April 16, 2024
This
comprehensive
review
delves
into
the
pivotal
role
of
tumor
microenvironment
(TME)
in
cancer
metastasis
and
therapeutic
response,
offering
fresh
insights
intricate
interplay
between
cells
their
surrounding
milieu.
The
TME,
a
dynamic
ecosystem
comprising
diverse
cellular
acellular
elements,
not
only
fosters
progression
but
also
profoundly
affects
efficacy
conventional
emerging
therapies.
Through
nuanced
exploration,
this
illuminates
multifaceted
nature
elucidating
its
capacity
to
engender
drug
resistance
via
mechanisms
such
as
hypoxia,
immune
evasion,
establishment
physical
barriers
delivery.
Moreover,
it
investigates
innovative
approaches
aimed
at
targeting
including
stromal
reprogramming,
modulation,
extracellular
matrix
(ECM)-targeting
agents,
personalized
medicine
strategies,
highlighting
potential
augment
treatment
outcomes.
Furthermore,
critically
evaluates
challenges
posed
by
complexity
heterogeneity
which
contribute
variable
responses
potentially
unintended
consequences.
underscores
need
identify
robust
biomarkers
advance
predictive
models
anticipate
outcomes,
well
advocate
for
combination
therapies
that
address
multiple
facets
TME.
Finally,
emphasizes
necessity
an
interdisciplinary
approach
integration
cutting-edge
technologies
unravel
intricacies
thereby
facilitating
development
more
effective,
adaptable,
treatments.
By
providing
critical
current
state
TME
research
implications
future
oncology,
highlights
evolving
landscape
field.
Trends in cancer,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
10(7), P. 655 - 667
Published: April 24, 2024
Neutrophils,
major
regulators
of
innate
immunity,
have
recently
emerged
as
key
components
the
tumor
microenvironment.
The
role
neutrophils
in
cancer
has
been
linked
to
their
ability
form
neutrophil
extracellular
traps
(NETs),
structures
composed
decondensed
DNA
decorated
with
enzymes
that
are
released
into
space.
Here,
we
discuss
pivotal
roles
NETs
influencing
responses
anticancer
therapies
such
chemotherapy,
radiotherapy,
immunotherapy,
and
targeted
therapy.
Highlighting
recent
insights,
delve
dual
nature
context
treatments,
examining
potential
either
counteract
or
enhance
treatment
outcomes.
Strategic
targeting
may
be
a
promising
avenue
for
crafting
combination
resistance
treatments'
efficacy.
Cell Death and Disease,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
15(10)
Published: Oct. 11, 2024
Abstract
Autophagy-mediated
chemoresistance
is
the
core
mechanism
for
therapeutic
failure
and
poor
prognosis
in
breast
cancer.
Breast
cancer
chemotherapy
resistance
believed
to
be
influenced
by
tumor-associated
macrophages
(TAMs),
which
C-X-C
motif
chemokine
ligand
1
(CXCL1)
most
abundant
cytokine
secreted.
Yet,
its
role
mediating
autophagy-related
still
unknown.
This
study
aimed
explore
molecular
mechanisms
TAMs/CXCL1
induced
autophagy-mediated
It
was
found
that
promoted
of
cells
through
autophagy
activation
vitro,
CXCL1
silence
could
enhance
chemosensitivity
paclitaxel-resistant
via
inhibition.
A
high-throughput
quantitative
PCR
chip
subsequent
target
validation
showed
inhibiting
VHL-mediated
IGF1R
ubiquitination.
The
elevated
then
STAT3/HMGB1
signaling
facilitate
autophagy.
Additionally,
TAMs/
improved
paclitaxel
suppressing
mice
xenografts,
clinical
studies
further
linked
IGF1R/HMGB1
signaling,
as
well
shorter
free
survival
recurrence.
Taken
together,
these
results
not
only
uncover
crucial
enhancing
autophagy,
but
also
shed
novel
light
on
IGF1R/STAT3/HMGB1
pathway
regulating
impact
prognosis.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
25(17), P. 9659 - 9659
Published: Sept. 6, 2024
Predictive
biomarkers
for
immune
checkpoint
inhibitors
(ICIs)
in
solid
tumors
such
as
melanoma,
hepatocellular
carcinoma
(HCC),
colorectal
cancer
(CRC),
non-small
cell
lung
(NSCLC),
endometrial
carcinoma,
renal
(RCC),
or
urothelial
(UC)
include
programmed
death
ligand
1
(PD-L1)
expression,
tumor
mutational
burden
(TMB),
defective
deoxyribonucleic
acid
(DNA)
mismatch
repair
(dMMR),
microsatellite
instability
(MSI),
and
the
microenvironment
(TME).
Over
past
decade,
several
types
of
ICIs,
including
cytotoxic
T-lymphocyte-associated
protein
4
(CTLA-4)
inhibitors,
anti-programmed
(PD-1)
antibodies,
anti-lymphocyte
activation
gene-3
(LAG-3)
antibodies
have
been
studied
approved
by
Food
Drug
Administration
(FDA),
with
ongoing
research
on
others.
Recent
studies
highlight
critical
role
gut
microbiome
influencing
a
positive
therapeutic
response
to
emphasizing
importance
modeling
factors
that
can
maintain
healthy
microbiome.
However,
resistance
mechanisms
emerge,
increased
expression
alternative
checkpoints,
T-cell
immunoglobulin
(Ig),
mucin
domain-containing
3
(TIM-3),
LAG-3,
impaired
antigen
presentation,
alterations
TME.
This
review
aims
synthesize
data
regarding
interactions
between
microbiota
immunotherapy
(IT).
Understanding
these
is
essential
optimizing
ICI
therapy
developing
effective
combination
strategies.
Sci,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
7(1), P. 2 - 2
Published: Jan. 2, 2025
The
conversion
of
betulinic
acid
(BA)
to
organic
salts
is
a
strategic
approach
modulate
its
physicochemical
properties
and
biological
activity.
In
our
previous
study,
we
demonstrated
the
enhanced
cytotoxicity
certain
amino
ethyl
ester
betulinates
([AAOEt][BA])
compared
BA
against
hormone-dependent
breast
cancer
cells
(MCF-7).
this
extended
investigation
evaluate
cytotoxic
response
thermodynamic
hormone-independent
(MDA-MB-231)
following
72
h
treatment
with
same
series
betulinates.
Our
data
reveal
lower
in
MDA-MB-231
cells,
indicated
by
higher
half-maximal
inhibitory
concentration
(IC50)
values,
which
ranged
between
31
109
μM.
Differential
scanning
calorimetry
analysis
supported
these
findings,
showing
negligible
changes
parameters
treated
cells.
However,
consistent
observations,
[LysOEt][BA]2,
exhibited
highest
induced
most
pronounced
morphological
alterations
Overall,
results
suggest
that
are
less
sensitive
[AAOEt][BA]
MCF-7
likely
due
their
distinct
phenotypic
genotypic
profiles
differences
oncogenic
signalling
pathways.
Nonetheless,
fact
[LysOEt][BA]2
enhances
activity
even
underscores
therapeutic
potential
warrants
further
investigation,
particularly
context
adjuvant
therapy.
