Exosomes in brain diseases: Pathogenesis and therapeutic targets

MedComm, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 4(3)

Published: June 1, 2023

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles with diameters of about 100 nm that naturally secreted by cells into body fluids. They derived from endosomes and wrapped in lipid membranes. involved intracellular metabolism intercellular communication. contain nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, metabolites the cell microenvironment cytoplasm. The contents exosomes can reflect their cells' origin allow observation tissue changes states under disease conditions. Naturally have specific biomolecules act as "fingerprint" parent cells, changed pathological conditions be used biomarkers for diagnosis. low immunogenicity, small size, cross blood-brain barrier. These characteristics make unique engineering carriers. incorporate therapeutic drugs achieve targeted drug delivery. carriers therapy still infancy, but exosome provides a new perspective cell-free therapy. This review discussed relationship occurrence treatment some neuropsychiatric diseases. In addition, future applications diagnosis disorders were evaluated this review.

Language: Английский

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Oxidative Metabolism in Brain Ischemia and Preconditioning: Two Sides of the Same Coin

Antioxidants, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 13(5), P. 547 - 547

Published: April 29, 2024

Brain ischemia is one of the major causes chronic disability and death worldwide. It related to insufficient blood supply cerebral tissue, which induces irreversible or reversible intracellular effects depending on time intensity ischemic event. Indeed, neuronal function may be restored in some conditions, such as transient attack (TIA), responsible for protecting against a subsequent lethal insult. well known that brain requires high levels oxygen glucose ensure cellular metabolism energy production damage caused by impairment tightly brain’s low antioxidant capacity. Oxygen key player mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), during reactive species (ROS) synthesis can occur physiological side-product process. besides producing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) under normal mitochondria are primary source ROS within cell. This because, 0.2–2% cases, escape electrons from complex I (NADPH-dehydrogenase) III electron transport chain occurring ATP leads superoxide radical anion (O2•−), exerts detrimental owing its molecular instability. Along with ROS, nitrosative (RNS) also contribute free radicals. When accumulation RNS occurs, it cause membrane lipid peroxidation DNA damage. Here, we describe pathways activated tissue after lethal/sub event like stroke tolerance, respectively, highlighting important role played stress dysfunction onset two different conditions.

Language: Английский

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Exosomes Derived From Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Novel Effects in the Treatment of Ischemic Stroke

Frontiers in Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 16

Published: May 2, 2022

Ischemic stroke is defined as an infarction in the brain, caused by impaired cerebral blood supply, leading to local brain tissue ischemia, hypoxic necrosis, and corresponding neurological deficits. At present, revascularization strategies patients with acute ischemic include intravenous thrombolysis mechanical endovascular treatment. However, due short treatment time window (<4.5 h) method restrictions, clinical research focused on new methods treat stroke. Exosomes are nano-sized biovesicles produced endosomal compartment of most eukaryotic cells, containing DNA, complex RNA, protein (30–150 nm). They released into surrounding extracellular fluid upon fusion between multivesicular bodies plasma membrane. have characteristics low immunogenicity, good innate stability, high transmission efficiency, ability cross blood–brain barrier, making them potential therapeutic modalities for The seed sequence miRNA secreted exosomes base-paired complementary mRNA improve microenvironment tissue, thereby regulating downstream signal transduction activities. With exosome still theoretical experimental stages, this review aims shed light derived from mesenchymal stem cells

Language: Английский

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Magnetic Nanobubble Mechanical Stress Induces the Piezo1‐Ca²⁺‐BMP2/Smad Pathway to Modulate Neural Stem Cell Fate and MRI/Ultrasound Dual Imaging Surveillance for Ischemic Stroke

Small, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 18(23)

Published: May 12, 2022

Neural stem cells (NSCs) are used to treat various nervous system diseases because of their self-renewal ability and multidirectional differentiation potential. However, an insufficient track migration in vivo poor control over survival efficiency two major critical challenges for clinical application. Here, it is shown that when magnetic nanobubbles (MNBs), which assembled from nanoparticles, internalized by NSCs, intramembrane volumetric oscillation the MNBs induces increase intracellular hydrostatic pressure cytoskeleton force, resulting activation Piezo1-Ca2+ mechanosensory channel. This subsequently triggers BMP2/Smad biochemical signaling pathway, leading NSCs into neuronal phenotype. Signaling through -BMP2/Smad pathway can be further accelerated application external shear stress force using low-intensity pulsed ultrasound. More importantly, resonance imaging ultrasound surveillance based on MNB labeling leveraged provide NSC therapeutic outcomes. Both vitro findings demonstrate a bubble nanostructure-induced physical modulate mechanical regulating cell development.

Language: Английский

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Neuroendocrine regulation in stroke

Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 34(5), P. 260 - 277

Published: March 13, 2023

Language: Английский

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Stem cell therapies in stroke rehabilitation: a narrative review of current strategies and future prospects

The Egyptian Journal of Neurology Psychiatry and Neurosurgery, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 60(1)

Published: June 28, 2024

Abstract This paper explores the potential of stem cell therapies in revolutionising stroke recovery, addressing limitations current treatments and emphasising regenerative medicine as a promising alternative. Stroke, leading cause disability death worldwide, necessitates innovative approaches due to temporal constraints deficiencies existing therapeutic modalities. The review diverse mechanisms underlying cell-mediated encompassing neuroprotection, neurogenesis, angiogenesis, modulation inflammatory responses, induction host brain plasticity. We searched prominent databases (PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web Science) from inception January 2024 for studies on “stem therapy” or “regenerative medicine” combined with “stroke recovery” “cerebrovascular accident”. Studies humans animals, published peer-reviewed journals, investigating impact therapy recovery were included. excluded non-English publications those lacking sufficient outcome data. Evidence animal demonstrates efficacy various types, while human studies, though limited, contribute valuable insights into safety efficacy. Safety considerations, crucial successful clinical application, emphasise need rigorous preclinical long-term follow-up data, ethical standards. Challenges field, such study design heterogeneity, optimising delivery methods, identifying subpopulations likely benefit, require concerted efforts overcome. Standardising methodologies, refining routes, personalising interventions based biomarkers are essential. positions comprehensive neural tissue following stroke.

Language: Английский

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Neural Stem Cell-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles: key Players in Ischemic Stroke Therapy – A Comprehensive Literature Review

International Journal of Nanomedicine, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: Volume 19, P. 4279 - 4295

Published: May 1, 2024

Ischemic stroke, being a prominent contributor to global disability and mortality, lacks an efficacious therapeutic approach in current clinical settings. Neural stem cells (NSCs) are type of cell that only found inside the nervous system. These can differentiate into various kinds cells, potentially regenerating or restoring neural networks within areas brain have been destroyed. This review begins by providing introduction existing approaches for ischemic followed examination promise limits associated with utilization NSCs treatment stroke. Subsequently, comprehensive overview was conducted synthesize literature on underlying processes cell-derived small extracellular vesicles (NSC-sEVs) transplantation therapy context mechanisms encompass neuroprotection, inflammatory response suppression, endogenous nerve vascular regeneration facilitation. Nevertheless, translation NSC-sEVs is hindered challenges such as inadequate targeting efficacy insufficient content loading. In light these limitations, we compiled advancements utilizing modified treating stroke based methods vesicle modification. conclusion, examining NSC-sEVs-based anticipated be both fundamental applied investigations about

Language: Английский

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Stem Cell Therapy Modulates Molecular Cues of Vasogenic Edema Following Ischemic Stroke: Role of Sirtuin-1 in Regulating Aquaporin-4 Expression

Stem Cell Reviews and Reports, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 31, 2025

Language: Английский

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Bavachinin attenuates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats via its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects

Tissue and Cell, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 95, P. 102886 - 102886

Published: March 30, 2025

Language: Английский

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Therapeutic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Stroke Treatment

Biomolecules, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 15(4), P. 558 - 558

Published: April 10, 2025

Stroke occurs when the blood flow to brain is interrupted due a rupture of vessels or blockage in brain. It major cause physical disabilities adulthood. Despite advances surgical and pharmacological therapy, functional recovery from stroke limited, affecting quality life. Stem cell which may treat neurological disorders associated with traumas, including stroke, an important focus research treatment. therapy has primarily used type adult stem cells called mesenchymal (MSCs) their universality ability develop into multiple lineages regenerate repair tissues. A significant number clinical studies provide evidence potential MSCs stroke. This review summarizes therapeutic mechanism applications We also highlight current challenges future prospects MSC for

Language: Английский

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