C2C12 cell model: its role in understanding of insulin resistance at the molecular level and pharmaceutical development at the preclinical stage

Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 72(12), P. 1667 - 1693

Published: Aug. 28, 2020

The myoblast cell line, C2C12, has been utilised extensively in vitro as an examination model understanding metabolic disease progression. Although it is indispensable both preclinical and pharmaceutical research, a comprehensive review of its use the investigation insulin resistance progression development not available.C2C12 well-documented model, which can facilitate our glucose metabolism, signalling mechanism, resistance, oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species transporters at cellular molecular levels. With aid C2C12 recent studies revealed that close relationship with various diseases terms progression, pathogenesis therapeutic management. A holistic, safe effective management highly interest. Therefore, significant efforts have paid to explore novel drug compounds natural herbs elicit effects targeted sites (e.g. mitochondria, transporter) level genes, pathway).The line meaningful biomedical research due their expression GLUT-4 other features are representative human skeletal muscle cells. impact delivery systems (nanoparticles quantum dots) on muscle, well between exercise, pancreatic β-cells endothelial cells, was discovered.

Language: Английский

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Current perspectives of oleic acid: Regulation of molecular pathways in mitochondrial and endothelial functioning against insulin resistance and diabetes

Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 21(4), P. 631 - 643

Published: March 3, 2020

Language: Английский

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Sphingolipids as a Culprit of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes

Frontiers in Endocrinology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 12

Published: March 18, 2021

Insulin resistance is defined as a complex pathological condition of abnormal cellular and metabolic response to insulin. Obesity consumption high-fat diet lead ectopic accumulation bioactive lipids in insulin-sensitive tissues. Intracellular lipid regarded one the major factors induction insulin type 2 diabetes (T2D). A significant number studies have described involvement ceramides other sphingolipids inhibition insulin-signaling pathway both skeletal muscles liver. Adverse effects sphingolipid recently been linked activation protein kinase Cζ (PKCζ) phosphatase 2A (PP2A), which, turn, negatively affect phosphorylation serine/threonine Akt [also known B (PKB)], leading decreased glucose uptake well increased gluconeogenesis glycogenolysis Sphingolipids, addition their direct impact on signaling pathway, may be responsible for negative aspects diabetes, namely mitochondrial dysfunction deficiency. Mitochondrial health, which characterized by appropriate quantity, oxidative capacity, controlled stress, undisturbed respiratory chain function, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production proliferation through fission fusion, impaired liver T2D subjects. Recent findings suggest that function play key role development resistance. Mitochondria stay contact with endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi membranes mitochondria-associated (MAM) are main places synthesis. Moreover, mitochondria capable synthesizing ceramide though synthase (CerS) activity. Recently, demonstrated fission/fusion activity, also hallmark T2D. Despite correlation between sphingolipids, dysfunction, T2D, this subject has not received much attention compared effect pathway. In review, we focus current state scientific knowledge regarding inhibiting function.

Language: Английский

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Obesity–An Update on the Basic Pathophysiology and Review of Recent Therapeutic Advances

Biomolecules, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 11(10), P. 1426 - 1426

Published: Sept. 29, 2021

Obesity represents a major public health problem with prevalence increasing at an alarming rate worldwide. Continuous intensive efforts to elucidate the complex pathophysiology and improve clinical management have led better understanding of biomolecules like gut hormones, antagonists orexigenic signals, stimulants fat utilization, and/or inhibitors absorption. In this article, we will review pharmacotherapy obesity including intersection points new generation antidiabetic drugs. We provide insight into effectiveness currently approved anti-obesity drugs other therapeutic avenues that can be explored.

Language: Английский

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The Disposition of Bioactive Compounds from Fruit Waste, Their Extraction, and Analysis Using Novel Technologies: A Review

Processes, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 10(10), P. 2014 - 2014

Published: Oct. 5, 2022

Fruit waste contains several bioactive components such as polyphenols, polysaccharides, and numerous other phytochemicals, including pigments. Furthermore, new financial opportunities are created by using fruit ‘leftovers’ a basis for bioactivities that may serve foods or food ingredients, strengthening the circular economy’s properties. From technical standpoint, organic phenolic substances have become more appealing to industry, in addition their application nutritional supplements functional meals. Several extraction methods recovering compounds from already been published, most of which involve different solvents. However, there is growing demand eco-friendly sustainable techniques result phenolic-rich extracts with little ecological impact. Utilizing these advanced green will reduce global crisis caused management. Using modern techniques, residue degraded sub-zero scales, yielding bio-based commodities elements. This review highlights favorable creative separating materials residue. Extraction based on environmentally friendly technologies bioreactors, enzyme-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted combination specifically covered.

Language: Английский

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