Abstract:For
fish,
ammonia
toxicity
is
closely
related
to
ferroptosis,
oxidative
stress
and
inflammatory
responses.
Iron
an
essential
trace
element
that
plays
a
key
role
in
many
biological
processes
for
cells
organisms,
including
response
inflammation.
The
current
study
aimed
investigate
the
effect
of
iron
on
above
three
aspects
indicators
upon
exposure
fish.
head
kidney
macrophages
yellow
catfish
were
randomized
into
CON
group
(normal
control),
AM
(0.046
mg
L-1
total
nitrogen),
Fe
(20
µg
mL-1
FeSO4),
Fe+AM
FeSO4,
0.046
nitrogen).
Cells
pretreated
with
FeSO4
6
h
followed
by
24
h.
results
showed
supplementation
triggered
ferroptosis
(an
increase
level,
upregulation
transferrin
receptor
1)
(ROS
accumulation,
reduction
T-AOC,
downregulation
SOD,
CAT
Nrf2),
up-regulated
mRNA
expression
p53
anti-inflammatory
M2
macrophage
maker
(Arg-1),
promoted
progression
small
portion
from
early
apoptosis
late
apoptotic
cells.
But
combination
treatment
caused
stronger
intracellular
reaction
than
either
alone.
Meanwhile,
there
was
obvious
necrotic
groups.
findings
this
indicate
functions
fish
may
vary
inconsistently
presence
or
absence
stress.
PeerJ,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
13, P. e18990 - e18990
Published: Feb. 26, 2025
At
ontogenetic
transitions,
animals
often
exhibit
plastic
variation
in
development,
behavior
and
physiology
response
to
environmental
conditions.
Most
terrestrial-breeding
frogs
have
aquatic
larval
periods.
Some
species
can
extend
their
initial
terrestrial
period,
as
either
a
embryonic
balance
trade-offs
across
environments
or
an
enforced
wait
for
rain
that
allows
larvae
access
habitats.
Terrestrial
of
the
foam-nesting
frog,
Leptodactylus
fragilis
,
arrest
make
own
nest
foam
prevent
dehydration,
synthesize
urea
avoid
ammonia
toxicity.
These
responses
enable
survival
during
unpredictably
long
periods
underground
chambers,
waiting
floods
exit
continued
development
water.
However,
such
physiological
behavioral
may
immediate
long-term
carry-over
effects
subsequent
ecological
developmental
transitions.
We
examined
prolonged
terrestriality
foam-making
activity
on
physiology,
metamorphosis
L.
.
tested
changes
ability
by
measuring
nests
produced
following
complete
removal
parental
at
different
ages.
measured
levels
assess
nitrogen
excretion
patterns,
testing
age,
soil
hydration
around
nests,
repeated
construction.
also
assessed
morphology
water
entry
metamorphosis.
found
arrested
time
land
even
young
were
able
effectively
produce
multiple
nests.
high
concentrations
very
developmentally
older
larvae,
faster
growth
than
while
constructing
Nonetheless,
sibling
had
similar
period
size
metamorphosis,
regardless
nest-making
timing
entry.
Sibship
increased
but
reduced
per-capita
production
suggesting
maternal
cooperative
groups.
Metamorph
decreased
with
period.
Our
results
highlight
extent
maintain
construct
suitable
environment
excrete
N-waste
urea,
which
are
both
crucial
extensions
terrestriality.
suggest
energetic
reserves
large
eggs
sufficient
meet
metabolic
costs
synthesis
over
extended
land,
no
apparent
fitness-relevant
traits
BMC Veterinary Research,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
20(1)
Published: July 18, 2024
Abstract
Environmental
stressors
(such
as
ammonia)
in
aquaculture
could
increase
the
risk
of
pathogenicity,
posing
a
more
severe
threat
to
farmed
fish.
The
aim
this
study
was
investigate
effects
ammonia
stress
on
pathogenicity
Shewanella
spp.
Oreochromis
niloticus
.
First,
96-hour
static
test
used
determine
median
lethal
concentration
(LC
50
)
unionized
Nile
tilapia.
After
96
h
exposure,
Un-ionized
(UIA)
LC
estimated
be
4.26
mg/L.
Second,
an
experiment
conducted
effect
O.
for
30
days.
A
involved
180
fish
divided
into
six
groups,
with
first
group
serving
control.
second
(AMN1/10)
and
third
(AMN1/20)
were
not
challenged
exposed
1/10
(0.42
mg/L)
1/20
(0.21
UIA,
respectively.
Then
0.2
mL
(0.14
×
10
5
intraperitoneally
injected
fourth
(SH),
fifth
(SH
+
AMN1/10),
sixth
AMN1/20)
which
subjected
0,
mg/L),
survival
rate,
hematological
indices,
immunological
parameters,
antioxidant
activity
significantly
decreased
when
they
infection
separately
or
together.
Histopathological
changes
also
observed
kidney
liver.
Furthermore,
both
individual
combined
exposures
altered
renal
hepatic
function,
notable
increases
glucose
cortisol
levels,
well
expression
proinflammatory
cytokine
genes
(
TNF-α
IL-1ß
).
However,
detrimental
co-exposure
greater
than
those
separate
exposures.
As
result,
we
may
say
that
increased
concentrations
enhance
These
findings
contribute
better
understanding
