Oxidative stress and inflammation: elucidating mechanisms of smoking-attributable pathology for therapeutic targeting

Bulletin of the National Research Centre/Bulletin of the National Research Center, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 48(1)

Published: Jan. 22, 2024

Abstract Background Tobacco smoking remains a major preventable cause of disease and death worldwide. Combustible cigarettes release thousands chemicals that can initiate inflammatory pathways leading to smoking-related illness. This review aims synthesize current scientific knowledge on mechanisms smoking-induced disease, epidemiological trends, clinical strategies from recent literature. Main body the abstract At cellular level, cigarette smoke triggers oxidative stress through reactive oxygen species (ROS), causing DNA damage. provokes signaling cascades mediated by damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), receptors like RAGE TLRs, downstream cytokines. Smoking also disrupts apoptosis autophagy. In lungs, inflammation play central roles in COPD pathogenesis. Smoking-induced damage, chronic inflammation, impaired immunity combine promote lung carcinogenesis. For cardiovascular endothelial dysfunction, platelet activation, atherogenesis oxidized LDL effects nitric oxide adhesion molecules. Short conclusion Given unequivocal evidence health risks, cessation is critical reducing disability. Both counseling pharmacotherapy have proven efficacy for quitting, but limited long-term. Emerging nicotine products e-cigarettes unknown impacts population health. Comprehensive efforts encompassing prevention, screening, treatment innovation, harm reduction, policy reform focused curbing smoking-attributable morbidity mortality are warranted.

Language: Английский

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Silymarin and Inflammation: Food for Thoughts

Antioxidants, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 13(1), P. 98 - 98

Published: Jan. 14, 2024

Inflammation is a vital defense mechanism, creating hostile conditions for pathogens, preventing the spread of tissue infection and repairing damaged tissues in humans animals. However, when inflammation resolution delayed or compromised as result its misregulation, process proceeds from acute phase to chronic inflammation, leading development various illnesses. It proven that redox balance disturbances oxidative stress are among major factors inducing NF-κB over-inflammation. Therefore, anti-inflammatory properties natural antioxidants have been widely tested vitro vivo systems. Accumulating evidence indicates silymarin (SM) main constituent silibinin/silybin (SB) great potential an anti-inflammation agent. The mechanism SM/SB action attributed inhibition TLR4/NF-κB-mediated signaling pathways downregulated expression pro-inflammatory mediators, including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-23, CCL4, CXCL10, etc. Of note, same model systems, was able upregulate cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, TGF-β, etc.) lipid mediators involved inflammation. inflammatory were clearly demonstrated systems based on immune (macrophages monocytes) non-immune (epithelial, skin, bone, connective cancer) cells. At time, confirmed number models, toxicity nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, ischemia/reperfusion stress-induced injuries, ageing exercising wound healing many other relevant seems likely activities key elements health-promoting these phytochemicals.

Language: Английский

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Advancements of metallic nanoparticles: A promising frontier in cancer treatment

Science Progress, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 107(4)

Published: Oct. 1, 2024

The incidence of cancer is increasing and evolving as a major source mortality. Nanotechnology has garnered considerable scientific interest in recent decades can offer promising solution to the challenges encountered with traditional chemotherapy. Nanoparticle utilization holds promise combating other diseases, offering exciting prospects for drug delivery systems medicinal applications. Metallic nanoparticles exhibit remarkable physical chemical properties, such their minute size, composition, structure, extensive surface area, rendering them versatile cost-effective. Research demonstrated significant beneficial impact on treatment, characterized by enhanced targeting abilities, gene activity suppression, improved efficiency. By incorporating ligands, functionalized metal ensure precise energy deposition within tumors, thereby augmenting treatment accuracy. Moreover, beyond therapeutic efficacy, serve valuable tools cell visualization, contributing diagnostic techniques. Utilizing allows simultaneous diagnosis while also facilitating controlled release, thus revolutionizing care. This narrative review investigates advancements types mechanisms cells, application clinical scenarios, potential toxicity medicine.

Language: Английский

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Tobacco induces abnormal metabolism of tryptophan via the kynurenine pathway

Turkish Journal of Biochemistry, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 6, 2025

Abstract Objectives This study aims to investigate the effect of smoking on metabolism kynurenine and thus contribute elucidation potential mechanism cigarette smoking. Methods The included 82 smokers 63 nonsmokers who applied Family Medicine Polyclinic for routine check-ups. Sociodemographic data, laboratory results, Framingham risk scores (FRS), Fagerström Nicotine Dependence Test (FTND) were recorded. Serum tryptophan, kynurenine, kynurenic acid, 3-hydroxyanthranilic 3-hydroxykynurenine, quinolinic acid concentrations measured with tandem mass spectrometry. Results tryptophan levels (p=0.040) statistically significantly lower in smokers, kynurenine/tryptophan ratio serum higher (p<0.001). correlation analysis smoker group showed a positive between FTDN. positively correlated total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein FRS. There was participants’ systolic diastolic blood pressures. Conclusions Our findings that via pathway induced smokers.

Language: Английский

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The Effect of a Secondary Stressor on the Morphology and Membrane Structure of an Already Challenged Maternal and Foetal Red Blood Cell Population

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 26(1), P. 333 - 333

Published: Jan. 2, 2025

The red blood cell (RBC) membrane is unique and crucial for maintaining structural–functional relationships. Maternal smoking induces significant changes in the morphological, rheological, functional parameters of both maternal foetal RBCs, mainly due to continuous generation free radicals. major aim this study was follow consequences a secondary stressor, like fungal infection, on already compromised RBC populations. impact Candida growing health concern, investigated four sample groups: mothers their neonates originating from non-smoking versus Here, we searched phenotypical molecular markers that precisely reflected effect infection membrane; included level hemolysis, appearance morphological variants, formation lipid peroxidation marker 4-hydroxyl-nonenal, arrangement Band 3 molecules activation Caspase 3. In most examined cases, increased adverse symptoms induced by smoking, indicating general stress response, likely an altered redox state cells. However, were able identify atypical phenotype (clustered populations with shrinkage blebbing) populations, which might be spp. infection.

Language: Английский

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Long-term smoking contributes to aging frailty and inflammatory response

Biomolecules and Biomedicine, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 17, 2025

In recent years, the health challenges linked to frailty in elderly, particularly those worsened by cigarette smoke, have become more pronounced. However, quantitative studies examining impact of smoking dosage on this population remain limited. To address gap, we developed a model using smoke-exposed elderly mice. Fifteen-month-old C57BL/6J mice were exposed smoke from two burning cigarettes for 15 min whole-body chamber. This exposure occurred 4, 6, and 8 times daily 30 days, representing low, medium, high dosages, respectively. Frailty levels assessed through rotation grip strength tests, alongside lung histopathology inflammatory factor protein expression analyses across three groups. Additionally, used Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database validate correlation between inflammation smokers, facilitating cross-comparisons animal findings human sample data. Our results show that high-dose significantly prone frailty, with notable reductions maximal (P < 0.01) drop time 0.001). Among samples, 69.2% smokers exhibited phenotype, compared just 15.4% nonsmokers. Both smoking-exposed demonstrated upregulation tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) interleukin-1 β (IL-1β) tissue serum. Mechanistically, activates NF-κB signaling pathway. quantitatively link smoking-induced increased TNF-α IL-1β, providing experimental evidence diagnosis prevention populations.

Language: Английский

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The protective effect of tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus L.) oil on a male rat model of reproductive disorders induced by cigarette smoke

Food and Chemical Toxicology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 115289 - 115289

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

Language: Английский

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Pathophysiology of small airways in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF): the silent zone

Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Feb. 13, 2025

Introduction Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) isa chronic, progressive lung disease characterized by distorted alveolar structureand reduced compliance, and impaired ventilation-perfusion. Small airwaydisease (SAD) is often termed a 'quietzone' due to its asymptomatic nature. Around 30-40% of IPF patients exhibit SAD,which associated with worse prognosis, higher emphysema scores,and elevated mortality risk. We used PubMed Google Scholar for literaturesearch.

Language: Английский

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Targeting CXCR2 signaling in inflammatory lung diseases: neutrophil-driven inflammation and emerging therapies

Naunyn-Schmiedeberg s Archives of Pharmacology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: March 6, 2025

Language: Английский

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The prognostic significance of stress hyperglycemia ratio in evaluating all-cause and cardiovascular mortality risk among individuals across stages 0–3 of cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic syndrome: evidence from two cohort studies

Cardiovascular Diabetology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 24(1)

Published: March 24, 2025

The American Heart Association (AHA) proposed the concept of cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic (CKM) syndrome, underscoring interconnectedness cardiovascular, renal, and metabolic diseases. stress hyperglycemia ratio (SHR) represents an innovative indicator that quantifies blood glucose fluctuations in patients experiencing acute or subacute stress, correlating with detrimental clinical effects. Nevertheless, prognostic significance SHR within individuals diagnosed CKM syndrome stages 0 to 3, particularly respect all-cause cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality risks, has not been fully understood yet. current study analyzed data from 9647 participants covering based on NHANES (National Health Nutrition Examination Survey) collected 2007 2018. In this study, primary exposure variable was SHR, computed as fasting plasma divided by (1.59 * HbA1c − 2.59). main endpoints were well CVD mortality, death registration sourced through December 31, 2019. CHARLS database (China Retirement Longitudinal Study) utilized validation enhance reliability findings. This included participants, who followed for a median duration 6.80 years. During period, 630 cases 135 CVD-related deaths total recorded. After full adjustment covariates, our results displayed robust positive association (Hazard [HR] = 1.09, 95% Confidence interval [CI] 1.04–1.13). However, exhibited no significant relationship (HR 1.00, CI 0.91–1.11). mediation analysis suggested between risk is partially mediated RDW, albumin, RAR. Specifically, mediating effects 17.0% (95% 46.7%, 8.7%), 10.1% 23.9%, 4.7%), 23.3% 49.0%, 13.0%), respectively. Additionally, analyses indicated correlation among across 0–3 during follow-up period 2011 2020. An increased value positively associated elevated likelihood 0–3, yet it shows mortality. important tool predicting long-term adverse outcomes population. Cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic emphasizes kidney, novel marker reflecting stress-induced fluctuations, but its (stages 0–3) remains uncertain. explores Our findings indicate significantly 1.04–1.13), CI: Mediation Validation using supports these These suggest could serve biomarker patients, offering potential utility stratification management.

Language: Английский

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