Neuroinflammation and Schizophrenia: New Therapeutic Strategies through Psychobiotics, Nanotechnology, and Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Journal of Personalized Medicine, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 14(4), P. 391 - 391

Published: April 6, 2024

The prevalence of schizophrenia, affecting approximately 1% the global population, underscores urgency for innovative therapeutic strategies. Recent insights into role neuroinflammation, gut–brain axis, and microbiota in schizophrenia pathogenesis have paved way exploration psychobiotics as a novel treatment avenue. These interventions, targeting gut microbiome, offer promising approach to ameliorating psychiatric symptoms. Furthermore, advancements artificial intelligence nanotechnology are set revolutionize psychobiotic development application, enhance their production, precision, effectiveness. This interdisciplinary heralds new era management, potentially transforming patient outcomes offering beacon hope those afflicted by this complex disorder.

Language: Английский

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The Underlying Neurobiological Mechanisms of Psychosis: Focus on Neurotransmission Dysregulation, Neuroinflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Mitochondrial Dysfunction

Antioxidants, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 13(6), P. 709 - 709

Published: June 12, 2024

Psychosis, defined as a set of symptoms that results in distorted sense reality, is observed several psychiatric disorders addition to schizophrenia. This paper reviews the literature relevant underlying neurobiology psychosis. The dopamine hypothesis has been major influence study neurochemistry psychosis and development antipsychotic drugs. However, it became clear early on other factors must be involved dysfunction In current review, reported how these factors, namely dysregulation neurotransmitters [dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)], neuroinflammation, glia (microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes), hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, gut microbiome, oxidative stress, mitochondrial contribute interact with one another. Research increased knowledge complexity psychotic disorders. Potential new pharmacotherapies, including combinations drugs (with pre- probiotics some cases) affecting mentioned above, have suggested. Similarly, putative biomarkers, particularly those related immune system, proposed. Future research both pharmacotherapy biomarkers will require better-designed studies conducted an all stages consider confounders such sex differences comorbidity.

Language: Английский

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Glial cell deficits are a key feature of schizophrenia: implications for neuronal circuit maintenance and histological differentiation from classical neurodegeneration

Molecular Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Dec. 5, 2024

Abstract Dysfunctional glial cells play a pre-eminent role in schizophrenia pathophysiology. Post-mortem studies have provided evidence for significantly decreased cell numbers different brain regions of individuals with schizophrenia. Reduced are most pronounced oligodendroglia, but reduced astrocyte densities also been reported. This review highlights that oligo- and astroglial deficits key histopathological feature schizophrenia, distinct from typical changes seen neurodegenerative disorders. Significant oligodendrocytes may arise two ways: (i) demise mature functionally compromised oligodendrocytes; (ii) lack due to failed maturation progenitor cells. We analyse detail the controversy regarding astrocytes. Regardless their origin, several pathophysiological consequences. Among these, myelination number be important factor, resulting disconnectivity between neurons observed When die, it appears through degeneration, process which is basically reversible. Thus, therapeutic interventions help rescue or improve might viable option. Since antipsychotic treatment alone does not seem prevent loss deficits, there intense search new options. Current proposals range application antidepressants other chemical agents as well physical exercise engrafting healthy into brains patients.

Language: Английский

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Unlocking the Therapeutic Potential of Ulotaront as a Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1 Agonist for Neuropsychiatric Disorders

Biomedicines, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 11(7), P. 1977 - 1977

Published: July 13, 2023

All antipsychotics currently used in clinic block D2 dopamine receptors. Trace amine-associated receptor 1 is emerging as a new therapeutic target for schizophrenia and several other neuropsychiatric disorders. SEP-363856 (International Nonproprietary Name: Ulotaront) an investigational antipsychotic drug with novel mechanism of action that does not involve antagonism Ulotaront agonist trace serotonin 5-HT1A receptors, but can modulate neurotransmission indirectly. In 2019, the United States Food Drug Administration granted Breakthrough Therapy Designation ulotaront treatment schizophrenia. Phase 2 clinical studies indicated reduce both positive negative symptoms without causing extrapyramidal or metabolic side effects are inherent to most antipsychotics. At present, it phase 3 development expected be introduced into practice 2023-2024. Clinical evaluating potential efficacy Parkinson's disease psychosis, generalized anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder have also been started. The aim this scoping review summarize all available preclinical evidence on utility Here, we show main characteristics distinctive features drug. Perspectives limitations use pharmacotherapy disorders discussed.

Language: Английский

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Epigenetic Regulation in Schizophrenia: Focus on Methylation and Histone Modifications in Human Studies

Genes, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 15(3), P. 272 - 272

Published: Feb. 21, 2024

Despite extensive research over the last few decades, etiology of schizophrenia (SZ) remains unclear. SZ is a pathological disorder that highly debilitating and deeply affects lifestyle minds those affected. Several factors (one or in combination) have been reported as contributors to pathogenesis, including neurodevelopmental, environmental, genetic epigenetic factors. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methylation post-translational modification (PTM) histone proteins are potentially contributing processes involved transcriptional activity, chromatin folding, cell division apoptotic processes, DNA damage repair. After establishing summary context schizophrenia, this review aims highlight current understanding role PTMs their potential roles pathophysiology pathogenesis.

Language: Английский

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Epigenetic effects of cannabis: A systematic scoping review of behavioral and emotional symptoms associated with cannabis use and exocannabinoid exposure

Drug and Alcohol Dependence, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 263, P. 111401 - 111401

Published: July 27, 2024

Recent research suggests that epigenetic modifications may mediate the behavioral effects of cannabis, influencing exocannabinnoids' long term in cognitive function and its role emergence psychotic symptoms. In this systematic scoping review, we assessed current evidence associated with use cannabis or exocannabinoid administration their relationship emotional We searched PubMed, Cochrane CENTRAL, Web Science, up to January 2022, using terms "cannabis" "epigenetics." The search yielded 178 articles, which 43 underwent full article revision; 37 articles were included review. gathered observational cross-sectional studies conducted on human subjects experimental designs animal models conveyed disparity dosage, methods assessment targeted mechanisms. Nine performed epigenome-wide analysis identification differentially methylated sites; most these found a global hypomethylation, enrichment genes related cellular survival neurodevelopment. Other methylation at specific exposure was reduced Cg05575921, DNMT1, DRD2, COMT, DLGAP2, Arg1, STAT3, MGMT, PENK, while hypermethylation DNMT3a/b, NCAM1, AKT1. review an exocannabinoid-induced changes modulate depressive-anxious, psychotic, addictive behavioural phenotypes. Further will require dosage exposure/administration uniformization customized pool assess suitability as biomarkers for psychiatric diseases.

Language: Английский

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Pharmaceutical 3D Printing Technology Integrating Nanomaterials and Nanodevices for Precision Neurological Therapies

Pharmaceutics, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 17(3), P. 352 - 352

Published: March 9, 2025

Pharmaceutical 3D printing, combined with nanomaterials and nanodevices, presents a transformative approach to precision medicine for treating neurological diseases. This technology enables the creation of tailored dosage forms controlled release profiles, enhancing drug delivery across blood−brain barrier (BBB). The integration nanoparticles, such as poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), chitosan, metallic nanomaterials, into 3D-printed scaffolds improves treatment efficacy by providing targeted prolonged release. Recent advances have demonstrated potential these systems in conditions like Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy, brain tumors. Moreover, printing allows multi-drug combinations personalized formulations that adapt individual patient needs. Novel approaches, including stimuli-responsive systems, on-demand dosing, theragnostics, provide new possibilities real-time monitoring disorders. Despite innovations, challenges remain terms scalability, regulatory approval, long-term safety. future perspectives this suggest its revolutionize treatments offering patient-specific therapies, improved penetration, enhanced outcomes. review discusses current state, applications, nanotechnology treatment, highlighting need further research overcome existing challenges.

Language: Английский

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Epigenetics factors in schizophrenia: future directions for etiologic and therapeutic study approaches

Annals of General Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 24(1)

Published: April 4, 2025

Schizophrenia is a complex, heterogeneous, and highly disabling severe mental disorder whose pathogenesis has not yet been fully elucidated. Epigenetics, as bridge between genetic environmental factors, plays an important role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Over past decade, epigenetic-wide association studies have rapidly become branch psychiatric research, especially deciphering molecular mechanisms This review systematically analyzes recent advances epigenome-wide (EWAS) schizophrenia, focusing on technological developments. We synthesize findings from large-scale EWAS alongside emerging evidence DNA methylation patterns, histone modifications, regulatory networks, emphasizing their roles disease treatment responses. In addition, this provides prospective outlook, evaluating impact that developments may future With continuous advancement high-throughput sequencing technology increasing maturity big data analysis methods, epigenetics expected to significant early diagnosis, prognosis assessment even personalized

Language: Английский

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Psychedelics action and schizophrenia

Pharmacological Reports, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 75(6), P. 1350 - 1361

Published: Oct. 30, 2023

Abstract Psychedelics are compounds acting by serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) 2A receptor activation and induce several behavioral responses. They of special interest because their positive effects on neuropsychiatric disorders (depression posttraumatic stress disorder). However, findings revealed that some psychedelic actions similar to symptoms observed in schizophrenia (psychosis, sensorimotor gating impairments, attention, working memory deficits) which might limit clinical applications. activate neurotransmitters, i.e., serotonergic, glutamatergic, also impaired schizophrenia. Therefore, the neurobiological background psychedelics is partially similar. Another important aspect discuss perspective using therapy. Postmortem studies showed a loss synapses schizophrenia, neuroplasticity (synaptogenesis, neurogenesis, neuritogenesis) be essential context psychedelics' psychotic action, recommended doses treatment not established, subpsychedelic dosing or microdosing considered. Exploratory needed determine tolerability appropriate regimen. therapeutic option non-hallucinogenic analogs neuroplastic outcomes but do have psychotogenic effects. Further preclinical recognize potential effectiveness 5-HT agonists

Language: Английский

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MicroRNAs as potential biomarkers for diagnosis of schizophrenia and influence of antipsychotic treatment

Neural Regeneration Research, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 19(7), P. 1523 - 1531

Published: Nov. 8, 2023

Abstract Characterized by positive symptoms (such as changes in behavior or thoughts, including delusions and hallucinations), negative apathy, anhedonia, social withdrawal), cognitive impairments, schizophrenia is a chronic, severe, disabling mental disorder with late adolescence early adulthood onset. Antipsychotics are the most commonly used drugs to treat schizophrenia, but those currently use do not fully reverse all three types of characterizing this condition. Schizophrenia frequently misdiagnosed, resulting delay inappropriate treatment. Abnormal expression microRNAs connected brain development disease could provide novel biomarkers for diagnosis prognosis schizophrenia. The recent studies reviewed included microRNA profiling blood- urine-based materials nervous tissue materials. From that had validated preliminary findings, potential candidate adults be miR-22-3p, -30e-5p, -92a-3p, -148b-5p, -181a-3p, -181a-5p, -181b-5p, -199b-5p, -137 whole blood, miR-130b, -193a-3p blood plasma. Antipsychotic treatment patients was found modulate certain -193a-3p, -132, -195, -30e, -432 Further warranted adolescents young having consideration should given using animal models investigate effect suppressing overexpressing specific microRNAs.

Language: Английский

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