Beyond “sex prediction”: Estimating and interpreting multivariate sex differences and similarities in the brain DOI Creative Commons
Carles Sanchis‐Segura, Naiara Aguirre, Álvaro Javier Cruz-Gómez

et al.

NeuroImage, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 257, P. 119343 - 119343

Published: May 31, 2022

Previous studies have shown that machine-learning (ML) algorithms can "predict" sex based on brain anatomical/ functional features. The high classification accuracy achieved by ML is often interpreted as revealing large differences between the brains of males and females confirming existence "male/female brains". However, estimation are different concepts, using metrics surrogate estimates between-group may result in major statistical interpretative distortions. present study avoids these distortions provides a novel detailed assessment multivariate gray matter volume (GMVOL) does not rely metrics. Moreover, appropriate regression methods were used to identify areas contribute most differences, clustering techniques analyses similarities (ANOSIM) employed empirically assess whether they assemble into two sex-typical profiles. Results revealed GMVOL: (1) "large" if adjusted for total intracranial (TIV) variation, but "small" when controlling this variable; (2) differ size individuals also depends algorithm their calculation (3) do stem from profiles, so describing them terms brains" misleading.

Language: Английский

Sex differences in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and post‐traumatic stress disorder: Are gonadal hormones the link? DOI Open Access
Andrea Gogos, Luke J. Ney,

Natasha Seymour

et al.

British Journal of Pharmacology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 176(21), P. 4119 - 4135

Published: Jan. 18, 2019

In this review, we describe the sex differences in prevalence, onset, symptom profiles, and disease outcome that are evident schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder. Women with schizophrenia tend to exhibit less impairment than men. By contrast, women disorder more affected The most likely candidates explain these gonadal hormones. This review details clinical evidence oestradiol progesterone dysregulated psychiatric disorders. Notably, existing data on oestradiol, a lesser extent, progesterone, suggest low levels of hormones may increase risk development worsen severity. We argue future studies require inclusive, considered analysis steroid intricacies interactions between them, methodological rigour applied, enhance our understanding roles LINKED ARTICLES: article is part themed section Importance Sex Differences Pharmacology Research. To view other articles visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.21/issuetoc.

Language: Английский

Citations

158
Sex and gender in neurodevelopmental conditions DOI
Sven Bölte, Janina Neufeld, Peter B. Marschik

et al.

Nature Reviews Neurology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 19(3), P. 136 - 159

Published: Feb. 6, 2023

Language: Английский

Citations

120
Sex-specific neurotoxic effects of heavy metal pollutants: Epidemiological, experimental evidence and candidate mechanisms DOI
Meethila Gade, Nicole Comfort, Diane B. Ré

et al.

Environmental Research, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 201, P. 111558 - 111558

Published: July 2, 2021

Language: Английский

Citations

118
Maternal immune activation as an epidemiological risk factor for neurodevelopmental disorders: Considerations of timing, severity, individual differences, and sex in human and rodent studies DOI Creative Commons
Mary Beth Hall, Daria E. Willis,

Elina L. Rodriguez

et al.

Frontiers in Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 17

Published: April 13, 2023

Epidemiological evidence suggests that one’s risk of being diagnosed with a neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD)—such as autism, ADHD, or schizophrenia—increases significantly if their mother had viral bacterial infection during the first second trimester pregnancy. Despite this well-known data, little is known about how developing neural systems are perturbed by events such early-life immune activation. One theory maternal response disrupts processes important for typical fetal and postnatal development, which can subsequently result in specific overlapping behavioral phenotypes offspring, characteristic NDDs. As such, rodent models activation (MIA) have been useful elucidating mechanisms may become dysregulated MIA. This review will start an up-to-date in-depth, critical summary epidemiological data humans, examining association between different types MIA NDD outcomes offspring. Thereafter, we summarize common discuss relevance to human data. Finally, highlight other factors interact impact its associated NDDs, emphasize importance researchers consider these when designing future studies. These points include: sex developmental timing challenge, contribute individual variability responses MIA, genetics, parental age, gut microbiome, prenatal stress, placental buffering.

Language: Английский

Citations

49
Role of estrogen in sex differences in memory, emotion and neuropsychiatric disorders DOI
Javed Iqbal,

Geng-Di Huang,

Yanxue Xue

et al.

Molecular Biology Reports, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 51(1)

Published: March 12, 2024

Language: Английский

Citations

17
Shaping of the Female Human Brain by Sex Hormones: A Review DOI Open Access
Elisa Rehbein, Jonas Hornung, Inger Sundström Poromaa

et al.

Neuroendocrinology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 111(3), P. 183 - 206

Published: March 11, 2020

Traditionally sex hormones have been associated with reproductive and developmental processes only. Since the 1950s we know that can organizational effects on developing brain initiate hormonal transition periods such as puberty. However, recent evidence shows additionally structure during important across a woman’s life including short-term fluctuations menstrual cycle. comprehensive review focusing structural changes all phases of women is still missing. Therefore, in this (i.e., puberty, cycle, oral contraceptive intake, pregnancy menopause) were investigated structured way correlations evaluated. Results show an overall reduction grey matter region-specific decreases prefrontal, parietal middle temporal areas Across cycle plasticity hippocampus, amygdala well regions most consistently reported. Studies reporting pre- post-pregnancy measurements revealed volume reductions midline structures prefrontal cortices. During perimenopause, decline was paralleled hippocampal cortex volume. Brain significantly correlated estradiol, testosterone progesterone levels some studies, but directionality remains inconclusive between studies. These results indicate play role shaping women’s different are not restricted to specific periods.

Language: Английский

Citations

128
Considering Sex as a Biological Variable in Basic and Clinical Studies: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement DOI Open Access
Aditi Bhargava, Arthur P. Arnold, Debra A. Bangasser

et al.

Endocrine Reviews, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 42(3), P. 219 - 258

Published: March 11, 2021

In May 2014, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) stated its intent to "require applicants consider sex as a biological variable (SABV) in design and analysis NIH-funded research involving animals cells." Since then, proposed plans that include routinely state both sexes/genders will be used; however, many instances, researchers reviewers are at loss about issue differences. Moreover, terms gender used interchangeably by researchers, further complicating issue. addition, or researcher might influence study outcomes, especially those concerning behavioral studies, humans. The act observation may change outcome (the "observer effect") any experimental manipulation, no matter how well-controlled, is subject it. This nowhere more applicable than physiology behavior. established cultured cell lines another issue, addition aneuploidy; chromosomal numbers can cells passaged. Additionally, culture medium contains steroids, growth hormone, insulin expression various genes. These issues often not taken into account, determined, even considered. Issues pertaining "sex" beyond scope this Statement. However, we discuss factors basic (that using animal models) clinical human subjects), well some areas science where differences studied. Sex baseline associated mechanisms form foundation for understanding diseases pathology, treatments, outcomes. purpose Statement highlight lessons learned, caveats, what when evaluating data differences, 3 examples; it intended serve guideline design.

Language: Английский

Citations

93
The Effect of Caffeine on the Risk and Progression of Parkinson’s Disease: A Meta-Analysis DOI Open Access

Chien‐Tai Hong,

Lung Chan, Chyi‐Huey Bai

et al.

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 12(6), P. 1860 - 1860

Published: June 22, 2020

Coffee and caffeine are speculated to be associated with the reduced risk of Parkinson's disease (PD). The present study aimed investigate disease-modifying potential on PD, either for healthy people or patients, through a meta-analysis. electronic databases were searched using terms related PD coffee caffeinated food products. Articles included only upon fulfillment clear diagnostic criteria details regarding their content. Reference lists relevant articles reviewed identify eligible studies not shortlisted these terms. In total, enrolled 13 studies, nine categorized into cohort rest cohort. individuals in regular consumption had significantly lower during follow-up evaluation (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.797, 95% CI 0.748-0.849, p < 0.001). outcomes progression cohorts dyskinesia, motor fluctuation, symptom onset, levodopa initiation. Individuals consuming presented rate (HR 0.834, 0.707-0.984, 0.03). conclusion, modified among both those PD. Potential biological benefits, such as obtained from adenosine 2A receptor antagonism, may require further investigation designing new drugs.

Language: Английский

Citations

91
Gender Specific Differences in Disease Susceptibility: The Role of Epigenetics DOI Creative Commons
Lucia Migliore, Vanessa Nicolì, Andrea Stoccoro

et al.

Biomedicines, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 9(6), P. 652 - 652

Published: June 8, 2021

Many complex traits or diseases, such as infectious and autoimmune cancer, xenobiotics exposure, neurodevelopmental neurodegenerative well the outcome of vaccination, show a differential susceptibility between males females. In general, female immune system responds more efficiently to pathogens. However, this can lead over-reactive responses, which may explain higher presence diseases in women, but also potentially adverse effects vaccination females compared with males. clinical epidemiological studies reported, for SARS-CoV-2 infection, gender-biased response; however, majority reports dealt comparable morbidity, males, showing COVID-19 outcomes. Although gender differences responses have been studied predominantly within context sex hormone effects, some other mechanisms invoked: cellular mosaicism, skewed X chromosome inactivation, genes escaping miRNAs encoded on chromosome. The hormonal hypothesis will be examined discussed light most recent epigenetic findings field, concept that epigenetics is unifying mechanism explaining gender-specific increasingly emerging.

Language: Английский

Citations

71
Sex differences in developmental patterns of neocortical astroglia: A mouse translatome database DOI
Gareth M. Rurak, Stephanie Simard, Moises Freitas‐Andrade

et al.

Cell Reports, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 38(5), P. 110310 - 110310

Published: Feb. 1, 2022

Language: Английский

Citations

64