Infections and Autoimmunity—The Immune System and Vitamin D: A Systematic Review

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 15(17), P. 3842 - 3842

Published: Sept. 2, 2023

Both 25-autoimmunity and(25(OH)D: calcifediol) and its active form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D: calcitriol), play critical roles in protecting humans from invasive pathogens, reducing risks of autoimmunity, maintaining health. Conversely, low 25(OH)D status increases susceptibility to infections developing autoimmunity. This systematic review examines vitamin D’s mechanisms effects on enhancing innate acquired immunity against microbes preventing The study evaluated the quality evidence regarding biology, physiology, aspects human health related autoimmunity peer-reviewed journal articles published English. search analyses followed PRISMA guidelines. Data strongly suggested that serum concentrations more than 50 ng/mL is associated with significant risk reduction viral bacterial infections, sepsis, Most adequately powered, well-designed, randomized controlled trials sufficient duration supported substantial benefits D. Virtually all studies failed conclude or were ambiguous had major design errors. Treatment deficiency costs less 0.01% cost investigation worsening comorbidities hypovitaminosis Despite cost-benefits, prevalence remains high worldwide. was clear among those who died COVID-19 2020/21—most severe deficiency. Yet, lack direction agencies insurance companies using as an adjunct therapy astonishing. confirmed keeping individual’s above (125 nmol/L) (and 40 population) reduces community outbreaks, autoimmune disorders. Maintaining such 97.5% people achievable through daily safe sun exposure (except countries far equator during winter) taking between 5000 8000 IU supplements (average dose, for non-obese adults, ~70 90 IU/kg body weight). Those gastrointestinal malabsorption, obesity, medications increase catabolism a few other specific disorders require much higher intake. evaluates non-classical actions D, particular emphasis infection immune system.

Language: Английский

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Vitamin D Deficiency Meets Hill’s Criteria for Causation in SARS-CoV-2 Susceptibility, Complications, and Mortality: A Systematic Review

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 17(3), P. 599 - 599

Published: Feb. 6, 2025

Clinical trials consistently demonstrate an inverse correlation between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D; calcifediol] levels and the risk of symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 disease, complications, mortality. This systematic review (SR), guided by Bradford Hill’s causality criteria, analyzed 294 peer-reviewed manuscripts published December 2019 November 2024, focusing on plausibility, consistency, biological gradient. Evidence confirms that cholecalciferol (D3) calcifediol significantly reduce hospitalizations, mortality, with optimal effects above 50 ng/mL. While vitamin requires 3–4 days to act, shows within 24 h. Among 329 trials, only 11 (3%) showed no benefit due flawed designs. At USD 2/patient, D3 supplementation is far cheaper than hospitalization costs more effective standard interventions. SR establishes a strong relationship 25(OH)D vulnerability, meeting criteria. Vitamin infections, deaths ~50%, outperforming all patented, FDA-approved COVID-19 therapies. With over 300 confirming these findings, waiting for further studies unnecessary before incorporating them into clinical protocols. Health agencies scientific societies must recognize significance results incorporate prophylaxis early treatment protocols similar viral infections. Promoting safe sun exposure adequate communities maintain 40 ng/mL (therapeutic range: 40–80 ng/mL) strengthens immune systems, reduces hospitalizations deaths, lowers healthcare costs. When exceed 70 ng/mL, taking K2 (100 µg/day or 800 µg/week) alongside helps direct any excess calcium bones. The recommended dosage (approximately IU/kg body weight non-obese adult) 50–100 cost-effective disease prevention, ensuring health outcomes.

Language: Английский

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Early and active treatment with fingolimod for pediatric onset multiple sclerosis: the experience of an Italian pediatric center over the past 3 years.

Neurological Sciences, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: April 2, 2025

Language: Английский

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Long-Term Effects of COVID-19 on Women’s Reproductive Health and Its Association with Autoimmune Diseases, Including Multiple Sclerosis

Journal of Clinical Medicine, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 14(9), P. 3057 - 3057

Published: April 29, 2025

Concern over COVID-19's long-term influence on women's reproductive health is growing, with emerging research suggesting potential links to ovarian dysfunction, menstrual irregularities, fertility challenges, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Post-viral immune dysregulation linked both the development exacerbation of autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Long COVID has been associated immunological hormonal imbalances, chronic inflammation, all which may worsen disorders issues. characterized by symptoms persisting for weeks or months beyond acute infection phase. There are indications that prolonged contribute disease through mechanisms such as hyperactivation, molecular mimicry, dysregulated cytokine responses. Although this field still emerging, growing evidence suggests SARS-CoV-2 have lasting effects health, highlighting need further studies into its underlying clinical This review compiles recent findings impact COVID-19 association disorders, particularly MS.

Language: Английский

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The Influence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection on the Development of Selected Neurological Diseases

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(16), P. 8715 - 8715

Published: Aug. 9, 2024

In 2024, over 775 million cases of COVID-19 were recorded, including approximately 7 deaths, indicating its widespread and dangerous nature. The disease is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which can manifest a wide spectrum symptoms, from mild infection to respiratory failure even death. Neurological such as headaches, confusion, impaired consciousness, have also been reported in some patients. These observations suggest potential invade central nervous system induce neuroinflammation during infection. This review specifically explores relationship between selected neurological diseases multiple sclerosis (MS), ischemic stroke (IS), Alzheimer's (AD). It has observed that virus increases production cytokines whose action cause destruction myelin sheaths nerve cells. Subsequently, body may synthesize autoantibodies attack cells, resulting damage brain's anatomical elements, potentially contributing onset sclerosis. Additionally, exacerbates inflammation, worsening clinical condition individuals already suffering MS. Moreover, secretion pro-inflammatory lead an escalation blood clot formation, result thrombosis, obstructing flow brain precipitating stroke. AD characterized intense inflammation heightened oxidative stress, both are exacerbated demonstrates enhanced cell entry presence ACE2 receptor, elevated ApoE ε4 allele. Consequently, worsens progresses more rapidly, increasing mortality rate among above information underscores numerous connections diseases.

Language: Английский

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The Neurological Implications of COVID-19: A Comprehensive Narrative Review

Cureus, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: May 15, 2024

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 revealed a huge number of problems as well discoveries in medicine, notably, regarding effects virus on central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral (PNS). This paper is narrative review that takes deep dive into complex interactions between NS. Therefore, this explains broad range neurological manifestations neurodegenerative diseases virus. It carefully considers routes through which reaches NS, including olfactory course, hematogenous route, are also covered when discussing virus's direct indirect mechanisms neuropathogenesis. Besides pathologies such stroke, encephalitis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, focus area given to challenges making diagnosis, treatment, management these conditions during pandemic. examines strategic interventional approaches utilized prevent disorders, ACE2 receptors implicated mediation COVID-19. detailed overview, combines research outputs with case data, directed at tackling challenge, view toward better patient care outcomes future.

Language: Английский

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The Potential Role of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Vaccines in Multiple Sclerosis Onset and Reactivation: A Case Series and Literature Review

Viruses, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 15(7), P. 1569 - 1569

Published: July 18, 2023

The recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and related vaccines have raised several issues. Among them, the potential role of viral infection (COVID-19) or anti-SARS-CoV-2 as causal factors dysimmune CNS disorders, well safety efficacy in patients affected by such diseases on immune-active treatments been analyzed. aim is to better understand relationship between infection/vaccines with describing 12 cases multiple sclerosis/myelitis onset reactivation after exposure reviewing all published case reports series which MS was temporally associated either COVID-19 (8 reports, 3 series) (13 6 series). All share a temporal association viral/vaccine symptoms onset. This finding, together direct immune-based mechanisms described both during MS, claims favor for unmasking disorders. most common clinical presentations involve optic nerve, brainstem spinal cord. preferential tropism virus presence some host-related genetic/immune might predispose involvement specific districts.

Language: Английский

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Distinct Clinical Manifestations of COVID-19 in Multiple Sclerosis Patients: Unraveling the Clinical Nexus

Archives of Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 11(2)

Published: March 9, 2024

Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is a virus in the coronaviridae, has caused global pandemic with various symptoms and complications. Among groups affected by this are individuals multiple sclerosis (MS), chronic autoimmune disorder that affects primary central nervous system (CNS). Understanding disease 2019’s (COVID-19) impact on MS patients crucial for optimizing patient management developing targeted therapies due to challenges it presents. Objectives: The purpose of study was investigate neurology COVID-19 comparison non-infected group. Furthermore, examined how age gender might affect contracting mortality rate MS. Methods: data were collected from six hospitals within Iranian Network Research Viral Diseases (INRVD) between March 2020 July 2021. A total 63 diagnosed examined, 30 testing positive both MS; however, 33 only These had presented at hospital experiencing symptoms, including rhinorrhea, difficulty breathing, cough. Various clinical aspects evaluated, age, gender, presence symptoms. Statistical analyses included Mann-Whitney t-test, Fisher’s exact test, odds ratio calculations using SPSS-27 R 4.2.3. Results: encompassed patients, 29 (46%) 34 (54%) males females, respectively. Of these COVID-19. Most subjects Tehran province, Iran. Patients case group significantly younger than those control Notably, dizziness, breath shortness, vomiting more prevalent following Conclusions: This highlights distinct presentation Dizziness, vomiting, increased associated aforementioned findings underscore importance tailored strategies unique population disease.

Language: Английский

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Characteristics of fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products in multiple sclerosis following SARS-CoV-2 infection

INTERNATIONAL NEUROLOGICAL JOURNAL, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 20(2), P. 104 - 109

Published: May 6, 2024

Background. The purpose of this study was to investigate plasma levels fibrinogen and products its degradation in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) without a history coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Materials methods. We examined 97 MS. Based on the presence COVID-19, all cases were divided into two groups. MS group included 56 who did not suffer from COVID-19 previously. + COVID consisted 41 had laboratory-verified diagnosis COVID-19. healthy controls 30 volunteers. Spectrophotometric techniques used measure concentrations fibrinogen, D-dimer, soluble fibrin monomer complexes (SFMCs). Size-exclusion chromatography applied analyze composition SFMC fractions. Results. found that SFMCs remarkably increased compared controls. differ between groups, while concentration significantly group. Moreover, development accompanied by changes both quantity quality Our results demonstrated accumulation high-molecular-weight patients. Conclusions. findings indicated changed hemostasis characteristics; however, more research is required determine connection particular hemostatic factors, namely SFMCs, pathophysiology

Language: Английский

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A case of COVID-associated encephalopathy in a patient with multiple sclerosis

S S Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 124(4), P. 159 - 159

Published: Jan. 1, 2024

A case of acute encephalopathy manifested with impaired consciousness, hemichorrhea, speech and cognitive impairment in a female patient COVID-19 multiple sclerosis is presented. In the literature, there are isolated reports such combination diseases, therefore difficulties arise carrying out differential diagnosis prescribing therapy. Given limited knowledge about long-term consequences COVID-19, systematic analysis cases follow-up patients necessary.

Language: Английский

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