Aflatoxins: Producing-Molds, Structure, Health Issues and Incidence in Southeast Asian and Sub-Saharan African Countries

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 17(4), P. 1215 - 1215

Published: Feb. 13, 2020

This review aims to update the main aspects of aflatoxin production, occurrence and incidence in selected countries, associated aflatoxicosis outbreaks. Means reduce crops were also presented, with an emphasis on environmentally-friendly technology using atoxigenic strains Aspergillus flavus. Aflatoxins are unavoidable widespread natural contaminants foods feeds serious impacts health, agricultural livestock productivity, food safety. They secondary metabolites produced by species distributed three sections genus (section Flavi, section Ochraceorosei, Nidulantes). Poor economic status a country exacerbates risk extent crop contamination due faulty storage conditions that usually suitable for mold growth mycotoxin production: temperature 22 29 °C water activity 0.90 0.99. situation paralleled prevalence high liver cancer occasional acute episodes have been these regions. Risk assessment studies revealed Southeast Asian (SEA) Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries remain at that, apart from regulatory standards revision be more restrictive, other actions prevent or decontaminate taken adequate public health protection. Indeed, publications aflatoxins whose classically known their highest aflatoxins, reveals despite intensive efforts made such incidence, there has no clear tendency, possible exception South Africa, towards sustained improvements. Nonetheless, global new regarding international organizations required expertise is suggested appraise where we stand presently.

Language: Английский

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Aflatoxin Contamination, Its Impact and Management Strategies: An Updated Review

Toxins, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 14(5), P. 307 - 307

Published: April 27, 2022

Aflatoxin, a type of mycotoxin, is mostly produced by Aspergillus flavus and parasiticus. It responsible for the loss billions dollars to world economy, contaminating different crops such as cotton, groundnut, maize, chilies, causing immense effects on health humans animals. More than eighteen types aflatoxins have been reported date, among them, B1, B2, G1, G2 are most prevalent lethal. Early detection fungal infection plays key role in control aflatoxin contamination. Therefore, methods, including culture, chromatographic techniques, molecular assays, used determine contamination food products. Many countries set maximum limit (2-20 ppb) their agriculture commodities human or animal consumption, use methods combat this menace essential. Fungal takes place during pre- post-harvest stage crops, employed latter phase. Studies shown that if correct measures adopted crop development phase, can be reduced significant level. Currently, bio-pesticides intervention many countries, whereby atoxigenic strains competitively reduce burden toxigenic field, thereby helping mitigate problem. This updated review sheds light sources contamination, occurrence, impact, management strategies, with special emphasis aflatoxins.

Language: Английский

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Aflatoxins: History, Significant Milestones, Recent Data on Their Toxicity and Ways to Mitigation

Toxins, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 13(6), P. 399 - 399

Published: June 3, 2021

In the early 1960s discovery of aflatoxins began when a total 100,000 turkey poults died by hitherto unknown “X” disease in England. The was associated with Brazilian groundnut meal affected Aspergillus flavus. toxin named flavus toxin—aflatoxin. From point view agriculture, show utmost importance. Until now, 20 have been described, B1, B2, G1, and G2 being most significant. Contamination is global health problem. Aflatoxins pose acutely toxic, teratogenic, immunosuppressive, carcinogenic, teratogenic effects. Besides food insecurity human health, affect humanity at different levels, such as social, economical, political. Great emphasis placed on aflatoxin mitigation using biocontrol methods. Thus, this review focused terms historical development, principal milestones research, recent data their toxicity ways mitigation.

Language: Английский

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Fermented foods and gastrointestinal health: underlying mechanisms

Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 21(4), P. 248 - 266

Published: Dec. 11, 2023

Language: Английский

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Mycotoxins in food and feed: toxicity, preventive challenges, and advanced detection techniques for associated diseases

Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 63(27), P. 8489 - 8510

Published: April 21, 2022

Mycotoxins are produced primarily as secondary fungal metabolites. toxic in nature and naturally by various species of fungi, which usually contaminate food feed ingredients. The growth these harmful fungi depends on several environmental factors, such pH, humidity, temperature; therefore, the mycotoxin distribution also varies among global geographical areas. Various rules regulations regarding mycotoxins imposed government bodies each country, responsible for addressing health security concerns. Despite this legislation, incidence contamination is continuously increasing. In review, we discuss regulatory guidelines recommendations that implemented around world to control products. Researchers inventors from parts have reported innovations controlling mycotoxin-associated consequences. Unfortunately, most techniques restricted laboratory scales cannot reach users. Consequently, date, no single device has been commercialized can detect all available environment. Therefore, study, describe severe hazards associated with exposure, their molecular signaling pathways processes toxicity, genotoxic cytotoxic effects toward humans animals. We recent developments construction a sensitive specific effectively implements identification detection methods. addition, our study comprehensively examines advancements field mitigating consequences links them activated upon exposure.

Language: Английский

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Simultaneous determination of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 in commercial rices using immunoaffinity column clean-up and HPLC-MS/MS

Food Chemistry, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 395, P. 133611 - 133611

Published: July 2, 2022

Rice is frequently contaminated with aflatoxins, that are highly toxic fungal substances and strongly involved on hepatic cancer. In this work, different extraction clean-up methods were evaluated for the simultaneous of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 G2 from rice. Favourable results obtained by using methanol - water (80:20, v/v) followed immunoaffinity columns clean-up, recoveries 86-92%, standard deviations between 5 11%, LOD ranged 0.09 0.32 µg/kg, LOQ 0.31 1.06 µg/kg. Method validation sample analysis performed HPLC-MS/MS. Nine rice samples origin, varieties specific characteristics, acquired in Spanish supermarkets analysed. two basmati same batch aflatoxin B1 was detected at (1.62 ± 0.08) µg/kg (0.77 0.03) both lower than levels established European Regulation cereals.

Language: Английский

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Mycotoxins in Food: Cancer Risks and Strategies for Control

Foods, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 13(21), P. 3502 - 3502

Published: Oct. 31, 2024

Mycotoxins are toxic compounds produced by fungi such as

Language: Английский

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Therapeutic detoxification of quercetin for aflatoxin B1-related toxicity: Roles of oxidative stress, inflammation, and metabolic enzymes

Environmental Pollution, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 345, P. 123474 - 123474

Published: Feb. 1, 2024

Language: Английский

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Integrating magnetic-plasmonic and membrane-like nanotags for the sensitive and reliable detection of aflatoxin B1 in foodstuffs

Food Control, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 111144 - 111144

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

Language: Английский

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Comprehensive review for aflatoxin detoxification with special attention to cold plasma treatment

Mycotoxin Research, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Feb. 1, 2025

Abstract Aflatoxins are potent carcinogens and pose significant risks to food safety public health worldwide. include Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), B2 (AFB2), G1 (AFG1), G2 (AFG2), M1 (AFM1). AFB1 is particularly notorious for its carcinogenicity, classified as a Group 1 human carcinogen by the International Agency Research on Cancer (IARC). Chronic exposure aflatoxins through contaminated feed can lead liver cancer, immunosuppression, growth impairment, other systemic issues. Efforts mitigate aflatoxin contamination have traditionally relied chemical treatments, physical separation methods, biological degradation. However, these approaches often challenges related safety, efficacy, impact quality. Recently, cold plasma treatment has emerged promising alternative. Cold generates reactive oxygen species, which effectively degrade surfaces without compromising nutritional integrity or safety. This review consolidates current research advancements in detoxification, highlighting potential of technology revolutionize practices. By exploring mechanisms toxicity, evaluating existing detoxification discussing principles applications treatment. Graphical

Language: Английский

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