Tackling antimicrobial resistance across sub-Saharan Africa: current challenges and implications for the future

Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 21(8), P. 1089 - 1111

Published: July 23, 2022

Introduction Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a concern as this increases morbidity, mortality, and costs, with sub-Saharan Africa having the highest rates globally. Concerns rising AMR have resulted in international, Pan-African, country activities including development of national action plans (NAPs). However, there variable implementation across key challenges persisting.Areas covered Consequently, an urgent need to document current NAP provide future guidance. This builds on narrative review literature.Expert Opinion All surveyed African countries developed their NAPs; however, implementation. Countries Botswana Namibia are yet officially launch NAPs Eswatini only recently launching its NAP. Cameroon further ahead than these countries; though concerns South appears made greatest strides implementing regular monitoring instigation antimicrobial stewardship programs. Key remain Africa. These include available personnel, expertise, capacity, resources undertake agreed active surveillance, lack focal points drive NAPs, competing demands priorities among donors. being addressed, co-ordinated efforts needed reduce AMR.

Language: Английский

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HIV and COVID-19 co-infection: A mathematical model and optimal control

Informatics in Medicine Unlocked, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 31, P. 100978 - 100978

Published: Jan. 1, 2022

A new mathematical model for COVID-19 and HIV/AIDS is considered to assess the impact of on HIV dynamics vice-versa. Investigating epidemiologic synergy between important. The full driven by that its sub-models; therefore, basic analysis two HIV-only only carried out. reproduction number computed used prove local global asymptotic stability sub-models' disease-free endemic equilibria. Using fmincon function in Optimization Toolbox MATLAB, fitted real data set from South Africa. intervention measures, namely, prevention interventions treatment are incorporated into using time-dependent controls. It observed measures can significantly reduce burden co-infections with COVID-19, while effective could opportunistic infections such as HIV/AIDS. In particular, strategy averted about 10,500 co-infection cases, similar also control.

Language: Английский

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Increased airborne transmission of COVID-19 with new variants, implications for health policies

Building and Environment, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 219, P. 109132 - 109132

Published: May 11, 2022

Language: Английский

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The Prevalence and Impact of Coinfection and Superinfection on the Severity and Outcome of COVID-19 Infection: An Updated Literature Review

Pathogens, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 11(4), P. 445 - 445

Published: April 7, 2022

Patients with viral illness are at higher risk of secondary infections-whether bacterial, viral, or parasitic-that usually lead to a worse prognosis. In the setting Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection may be preceded by prior microbial has concurrent superinfection. Previous reports documented significantly coinfection in SARS-CoV-2-positive patients. Initial results from United States (U.S.) and Europe found mortality severe among hospitalized patients SARS-CoV-2 bacterial coinfection. However, later studies contradictory concerning impact on outcomes COVID-19. Thus, we conducted present literature review provide updated evidence regarding prevalence superinfection amongst SARS-CoV-2, possible mechanisms underlying patients,

Language: Английский

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El impacto de la pandemia de COVID-19 sobre la salud. Informe SESPAS 2022

Gaceta Sanitaria, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 36, P. S4 - S12

Published: Jan. 1, 2022

Presentar, a los 22 meses de que la Organización Mundial Salud declarara como pandemia infección global por SARS-CoV-2 el 11 marzo 2020, impacto hasta momento en términos salud física y mental. Se han revisado resultados procedentes metaanálisis revisiones sistemáticas, citándose para algún aspecto específico interés artículos individuales. La información nacional procede Red Nacional Vigilancia Epidemiológica (RENAVE). Hasta finales octubre se habían producido más 250 millones infecciones 5 muertes. En España notificado 4,7 infecciones, aunque cifra real es superior 7 millones. ha reducido esperanza vida, con efectos especialmente dramáticos grupos población comorbilidad edad avanzada. constata un empeoramiento mental general. Es previsible algunos colectivos, los/las profesionales sanitarios/as, su mayoría mujeres, trabajadores/as primera línea, tengan mayor riesgo desarrollar patologías futuro. las medidas control tenido otras consecuencias indeseables, disminución actividad asistencial, aumento del sedentarismo violencia género. Son necesarios estudios longitudinales determinar magnitud propia actuaciones necesarias. The World Health Organization declared the infection pandemic on March 11, 2020. objective of this paper is to present its impact in terms physical and health months later. We have reviewed results from published meta-analysis systematic reviews, some individual articles specific aspects special interest. National information comes for Up end October, more than million infections deaths had been reported globally. In Spain, 4.7 documented although figure might be above million. has reduced life expectancy, effects especially dramatic people with comorbidities elderly. There worsening general population. It foreseeable that groups, such as professionals, mostly women, front-line workers, may greater risk developing pathologies. measures other undesirable consequences decrease healthcare utilization, an increase sedentary lifestyle or gender violence. addition immediate effect morbidity mortality, damaged overall status Longitudinal studies are necessary determine mid long measures, identify evaluate effective interventions.

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Antibiotic dispensing practices during COVID-19 and implications for antimicrobial resistance (AMR): parallel mystery client studies in Uganda and Tanzania

Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 12(1)

Published: Feb. 11, 2023

Over-the-counter antibiotic access is common in low-and-middle-income countries and this may accelerate antimicrobial resistance. Our study explores critical aspects of the drug seller-client interaction dispensing patterns for simulated COVID-19 symptoms during pandemic two sites Tanzania Uganda, with different government responses to pandemic.Research assistants posing as clients approached types sellers such pharmacies (Pharms), shops (DSs), accredited outlets (ADDOs) Mwanza, (nPharms = 415, nADDOs 116) Mbarara, Uganda 440, nDSs 67), from June 10 July 30, 2021. The mystery held no prescription sought advice sellers. They documented quality their type drugs dispensed.Adherence preventive measures vigilance was low both but significantly higher than Tanzania. A percentage Mbarara (Pharms 36%, DSs 35%, P-value 0.947) compared Mwanza 9%, ADDOs 4%, 0.112) identified client's possibly COVID-19. More three-quarters that sold prescription-only medicines 86%, 89%) 93%, 97%) did not ask MCs a prescription. relatively high 51%, 67%) 31%, 42%) partial course without any hesitation. Of those who antibiotics, proportion 73%, 78%, 0.580) 40% 46%, 0.537) antibiotics relevant treating secondary bacterial infections patients.Our highlights towards symptoms, widespread propensity dispense prescription, doses antibiotics. This implies related further drive AMR. also need more efforts improve stewardship among response prepare them future health emergencies.

Language: Английский

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COVID-19 surveillance in Democratic Republic of Congo, Nigeria, Senegal and Uganda: strengths, weaknesses and key Lessons

BMC Public Health, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 23(1)

Published: May 8, 2023

Abstract Introduction As part of efforts to rapidly identify and care for individuals with COVID-19, trace quarantine contacts, monitor disease trends over time, most African countries implemented interventions strengthen their existing surveillance systems. This research describes the strengths, weaknesses lessons learnt from COVID-19 strategies in four inform enhancement systems future epidemics on continent. Methods The namely Democratic Republic Congo (DRC), Nigeria, Senegal, Uganda, were selected based variability response representation Francophone Anglophone countries. A mixed-methods observational study was conducted including desk review key informant interviews, document best practices, gaps, innovations at national, sub-national, health facilities, community levels, these learnings synthesized across Results Surveillance approaches included - case investigation, contact tracing, community-based, laboratory-based sentinel, serological, telephone hotlines, genomic sequencing surveillance. pandemic progressed, moved aggressive testing tracing detect virus triage individual contacts into confirmed cases, isolation clinical care. Surveillance, definitions, changed all cases only symptomatic travelers. All reported inadequate staffing, staff capacity gaps lack full integration data sources. under improved management by training workers increasing resources laboratories, but burden under-detected. Decentralizing enable swifter implementation targeted public measures subnational level a challenge. There also postmortem sero-prevalence studies, as well digital technologies provide more timely accurate data. Conclusion demonstrated prompt adopted similar some adaptations progresses. is need investments enhance decentralizing strengthening capabilities use technologies, among others. Investing worker capacity, ensuring quality availability improving ability transmit between multiple levels system critical. Countries take immediate action better prepare next major outbreak pandemic.

Language: Английский

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Geoepidemiological perspective on COVID-19 pandemic review, an insight into the global impact

Frontiers in Public Health, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 11

Published: Oct. 19, 2023

The COVID-19 pandemic showed major impacts, on societies worldwide, challenging healthcare systems, economies, and daily life of people. Geoepidemiology, an emerging field that combines geography epidemiology, has played a vital role in understanding combatting the spread virus. This interdisciplinary approach provided insights into spatial patterns, risk factors, transmission dynamics at different scales, from local communities to global populations. Spatial patterns have revealed variations incidence rates, with urban-rural divides regional hotspots playing significant roles. Cross-border highlighted importance travel restrictions coordinated public health responses. Risk factors such as age, underlying conditions, socioeconomic occupation, demographics, behavior influenced vulnerability outcomes. Geoepidemiology also transmissibility COVID-19, emphasizing asymptomatic pre-symptomatic transmission, super-spreading events, impact variants. should be responding evolving new viral challenges this future pandemics.

Language: Английский

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Cross-Reactive Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV in Pre-COVID-19 Blood Samples from Sierra Leoneans

Viruses, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 13(11), P. 2325 - 2325

Published: Nov. 21, 2021

Many countries in sub-Saharan Africa have experienced lower COVID-19 caseloads and fewer deaths than other regions worldwide. Under-reporting of cases a younger population could partly account for these differences, but pre-existing immunity to coronaviruses is another potential factor. Blood samples from Sierra Leonean Lassa fever Ebola survivors their contacts collected before the first reported were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays presence antibodies binding proteins that infect humans. Results compared subjects healthy blood donors United States. Prior pandemic, Leoneans had more frequent exposures Americans with epitopes cross-react severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), SARS-CoV, Middle Eastern coronavirus (MERS-CoV). The percentage reacting seasonal was also higher American donors. Serological responses by did not differ age or sex. Approximately quarter Leonian pre-pandemic neutralizing against SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus, while about third neutralized MERS-CoV pseudovirus. induce cross-protective may contribute reduced Leone.

Language: Английский

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Impact de la COVID-19 sur la santé publique en Afrique subsaharienne

Bulletin de l Académie Nationale de Médecine, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 207(2), P. 150 - 164

Published: Jan. 6, 2023

Language: Английский

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