Cerebromicrovascular mechanisms contributing to long COVID: implications for neurocognitive health

GeroScience, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 7, 2025

Abstract Long COVID (also known as post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection [PASC] or post-COVID syndrome) is characterized by persistent symptoms that extend beyond the acute phase infection, affecting approximately 10% to over 30% those infected. It presents a significant clinical challenge, notably due pronounced neurocognitive such brain fog. The mechanisms underlying these effects are multifactorial, with mounting evidence pointing central role cerebromicrovascular dysfunction. This review investigates key pathophysiological contributing cerebrovascular dysfunction in long and their impacts on health. We discuss how endothelial tropism direct vascular trigger dysfunction, impaired neurovascular coupling, blood–brain barrier disruption, resulting compromised cerebral perfusion. Furthermore, appears induce mitochondrial enhancing oxidative stress inflammation within cells. Autoantibody formation following also potentially exacerbates injury, chronic ongoing compromise. These factors collectively contribute emergence white matter hyperintensities, promote amyloid pathology, may accelerate neurodegenerative processes, including Alzheimer’s disease. emphasizes critical advanced imaging techniques assessing health need for targeted interventions address complications. A deeper understanding essential advance treatments mitigate its long-term consequences.

Language: Английский

---

Comparative Analysis of Virology and Pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and HIV Infections: Implications for Public Health and Treatment Strategies

Infection and Drug Resistance, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: Volume 18, P. 269 - 283

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

Introduction: Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19), caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV -2), and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) are significant 21st-century pandemics with distinct virological clinical characteristics.COVID-19 primarily presents as an acute respiratory illness, while HIV leads to chronic immune suppression.Understanding their differences can enhance public health strategies treatment approaches.Purpose: This narrative review compares virology, transmission, responses, outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 inform interventions.Methods: A was conducted, synthesizing data from peer-reviewed literature expert commentary 2010 2024.Databases such PubMed, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar were searched for relevant studies.Results: spreads through airborne droplets contaminated surfaces, transmits direct contact infected bodily fluids.The response involves both innate adaptive systems, potentially leading a cytokine storm in severe cases.In contrast, evades system integrating into host cells, resulting infection progressive deterioration.Treatment focuses on symptom management prevention, antiviral medications vaccines playing crucial roles.Conversely, relies antiretroviral therapy (ART) suppress viral replication maintain function. Conclusion:The highlights nature versus progression HIV.Tailored prevention essential effective disease management.Recommendations: Public should address unique transmission routes viruses.Further research vaccine development therapeutic interventions is critical improving management.

Language: Английский

---

Multidisciplinary collaborative guidance on the assessment and treatment of patients with Long COVID: A compendium statement

PM&R, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: April 22, 2025

Abstract Background In 2021, the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation established Multi‐Disciplinary Post‐Acute Sequelae SARS‐CoV‐2 Infection Collaborative to provide guidance from Long COVID clinics for evaluation management COVID. The collaborative previously published eight consensus statements using a primarily symptom‐based approach. However, symptoms most often do not occur in isolation. Aims This compendium aims equip clinicians with an efficient, up‐to‐date clinical resource evaluating managing adults experiencing symptoms. primary intended audience includes physiatrists, care physicians, other who first‐line assessment symptoms, especially settings where subspecialty is readily available. provides holistic framework management, symptom‐specific considerations, updates on prevalence, health equity, disability pathophysiology, emerging evidence regarding treatments under investigation. Because closely resembles infection‐associated chronic conditions (IACCs) such as myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome, this may also be helpful these related conditions. Methods Guidance was developed by collaborative's modified Delphi multidisciplinary group whose members include pulmonologists, cardiologists, psychiatrists, neuropsychologists, neurologists, occupational therapists, physical speech language pathologists, patients, government representatives. Over 40 centers are represented collaborative. Results defined National Academies Sciences, Engineering, “an IACC that occurs after infection present at least 3 months continuous, relapsing remitting, or progressive disease state affects one more organ systems.” current global prevalence estimated 6%. Higher has been identified among female gender, certain racial ethnic groups, individuals live nonurban areas. anyone can develop being infected virus. wide variety symptom clusters. common exaggerated diminished energy windows, postexertional malaise (PEM)/postexertional exacerbation (PESE), cognitive impairment (brain fog), dysautonomia, pain/myalgias, smell taste alterations. Holistic should traditional history, examination, additional diagnostic testing, indicated. A positive COVID‐19 test during acute required diagnose COVID, currently, there no single laboratory finding definitively confirming ruling out diagnosis basic recommended all patients possible consideration labs procedures guided patient's specific Current strategies focus supportive care. Critical considerations conservation addressing comorbidities modifiable risk factors. Additionally, (1) it essential validate experience reassurance their taken seriously because many have had dismissed loved ones clinicians; (2) activity recommendations must carefully tailored tolerance overly intense trigger PEM/PESE worsened muscle damage; (3) treatment delivered humility persistent unknowns To date, limited data guide medication specifically context As such, use generally follows standard practice indications dosing, extra attention prioritize patient preference via shared decision‐making cautious medications improve some (eg, cognitive/attention impairment) but worsen PEM/PESE). Numerous trials investigating treatments. return‐to‐work process challenging fluctuate, vary nature, affect multiple functional areas cognitive), manifest “invisible disability” acknowledged employers coworkers. Clinicians help return work identifying suitable workplace accommodations resources, providing necessary documentation, recommending vocational therapy when needed. If efforts unsuccessful significantly worsens impedes recovery, applying warranted. recognized potential Americans Disabilities Act. Conclusion contribute overall well‐being manner acknowledges challenges faced uncertainties field. For detailed information readers reference statements.

Language: Английский

---

CLINICAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LONG-COVID DEVELOPMENT PATTERNS IN PATIENTS OF DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS

Eastern Ukrainian Medical Journal, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 12(2), P. 431 - 440

Published: Jan. 1, 2024

The aim of the study was to clarify patterns Long-COVID development after coronavirus disease. Materials and methods. A questionnaire examination people with COVID-19 analysis medical records were conducted. Taking into account inclusion exclusion criteria, 77 women men who had suffered from disease included in group. questions about age, gender, chronic diseases before onset disease, vaccination status, complaints general condition medication, smoking, subjects' assessment changes physical endurance overall quality life comparison group consisted practically healthy appropriate age. Results. In period up 3 months mainly aged 31-40 years, but increasing time, older patients (51–60 years) began predominate. main groups (general, respiratory, neuropsychiatric, cardiovascular) presented by subjects mostly vaccinated, rate among them exceeding 80%. Diseases cardiovascular system recorded 51–60 regardless duration Decreased a decline according subjective observed 40 60 proportion vaccinated being 81.3%. At same level smoking above low. Conclusions. majority reported women. most common weakness (46.8%), anxiety (44.2%), mood disorders (41.6%), headache (28.6%), shortness breath (23.4%), palpitations at rest dizziness (16.7%). there smaller those cognitive impairment (impaired concentration attention – 7.8%, memory 14.3%), gastrointestinal (13.0%), muscle pain (13.0%). (80.0%), percentage smokers low (18.5%).

Language: Английский

---

Pre-or co-SARS-CoV-2 Infections Significantly Increase Severe Dengue Virus Disease Criteria: Implications for Clinicians

Pathogens, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 13(7), P. 573 - 573

Published: July 10, 2024

Few studies have investigated whether SARS-CoV-2 infections increase the incidence of dengue haemorrhagic fever/shock syndrome (DHF/DSS) and/or severe (SD) in virus (DENV)-infected patients. This study was performed on a site with high incidences classical dengue, but relatively few DHF/DSS or SD cases as defined by WHO 1997 2009 criteria, respectively. Clinical, haematological/biochemical, and viral diagnostic data were collected from febrile patients before, during, after COVID-19 epidemic to assess (a) DENV-infected prior (b) DENV-SARS-CoV-2-co-infected had increased SD/DHF/DSS using logistic regression machine learning models. Higher numbers DHF/DSS/SD occurred during epidemic, particularly males 18-40-year-olds. Significantly symptoms haemoconcentration (

Language: Английский

---

A multimodal approach for treating post-acute infectious syndrome

Brain medicine :, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 1 - 7

Published: Aug. 30, 2024

Long-term complications, such as extensive fatigue and cognitive issues, are known from various infections, including SARS-CoV-2, influenza virus, or Borrelia burgdorferi . The pathology is mostly unknown differs between patients. Unfortunately, there currently no common effective treatment. In this perspective, we imply that post-acute infectious syndromes due to a variety of factors, among others diminished tissue perfusion, infiltration by viruses, inflammation, oxidative stress, not one specific biomarker can be used measure these syndromes. Thus, suggest score based on number criteria/factors should assess Consequently, probably single treatment treat group patients, multimodal regimen comprising combination pharmacotherapy, metformin naltrexone with anti-inflammatory effects, alongside physical therapies extracorporeal apheresis transcutaneous neurotherapy. This combined approach aims reduce levels enhance functions. implies reset the systems achieved for

Language: Английский

---

Systems Thinking, Causal Loop Diagram, and Systems Dynamic in Public Health Challenges: Navigating Long COVID Syndrome and Sense of Smell in LGBTQIA+ Communities

Public Health Challenges, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 3(3)

Published: Sept. 1, 2024

ABSTRACT Background The coronavirus pandemic has profoundly affected global health, economic stability, and environmental sustainability. Despite these challenges, significant gaps in data remain, particularly effectively assessing engaging diverse communities such as color, LGBTQIA+ individuals, low‐income groups. This shortage of comprehensive research limits our capacity to undertake sensitive studies, specifically dealing with the complexities long COVID, which some individuals continue suffer from after their initial recovery. Objective review delves into ongoing repercussions long‐term COVID‐19, a postinfectious syndrome marked by neurological symptoms cognitive deficits sensory impairments, may last well beyond acute phase illness. These frequently overlap mental health issues (e.g., anxiety depression), can aggravate socioeconomic challenges faced vulnerable populations, especially within LGBTQA+ communities. Methods To tackle complex interactions, we have introduced novel public framework: model‐based systems thinking (MBST), incorporates System Dynamics causal loop diagrams (CLD). Results Discussion articles were selected on basis discussion COVID‐19‐associated anosmia, exploration olfactory dysfunction alongside neurocognitive disorders, experienced LGBQA+ approach offers robust framework for dissecting intricate ties between factors, outcomes, extended recovery trajectories associated particular focus dysfunction. We also explore strategies make models more accessible healthcare providers communities, encouraging its broader adoption. Conclusion Long COVID's impact marginalized highlights urgent need adopting models. Additionally, this article calls concerted effort all experts foster multidisciplinary, team‐based implement effective support measures COVID‐19 survivors across mainly focusing scientific, social, behavioral face.

Language: Английский

---

Trends and cross-country disparity in the burden of COVID-19 between 2020 and 2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Research Square (Research Square), Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Sept. 24, 2024

Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has led to extensive repercussions on global health and economic systems. In this study, we aim provide an analysis of global, national, regional COVID-19 incidence, mortality, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for the 2020 2021. Methods Data DALYs, mortality were derived from Global Burden Disease Study 2019. The data carefully estimated presented in both numerical values age-standardized rates (ASRs) per 100,000 individuals, inclusive 95% uncertainty intervals (UI). study further stratified burden by age, gender, sociodemographic index (SDI), system infrastructure. Additionally, correlation between ASR SDI was examined. Findings There marked disparities across various countries regions Globally, number DALYs death showed increasing trend 2021, particularly with lower less robust healthcare Men exhibited higher numbers ASRs death. elderly experienced despite having lowest incidence rates. Furthermore, a significant negative observed 21 204 countries. Conclusion This highlights pronounced escalation elderly, males, those developed systems being disproportionately affected. A comprehensive understanding epidemiology is essential devising strategies mitigate disease's impact.

Language: Английский

---

INTEGRATIVE INDICATORS OF ENDOGENOUS INTOXICATION, INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY, AND SPECIFIC REACTIVITY IN PATIENTS WITH COVID-19

Інфекційні хвороби, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 3, P. 21 - 27

Published: Oct. 11, 2024

The aim of the study is to identify changes in blood laboratory parameters, integrative indicators endogenous intoxication, inflammation, and specific reactivity patients with coronavirus disease. Patients methods. included 77 COVID-19, taking into account inclusion exclusion criteria. comparison group consisted 68 practically healthy people corresponding age. Laboratory tests were performed, on basis which inflammation calculated. Results. data general test showed no significant differences between groups, remained within acceptable limits. A slight inflammatory reaction especially period from 3 6 months, confirmed by an increase level intoxication (LII, LSI, NLRI, HII) compared individuals. During same period, there are signs activation cellular immune system response presence latent bacterial infection or a decrease activity (LGI, LESRI, CI). Reduced indices nonspecific (RC, ILYM, AI) system, given number lymphocytes relative granulocytes. Changes did not depend Long-COVID symptoms. In 12 months after disease, development autoimmune processes possible, since was tendency (NLRI, LSI) simultaneously TI) Ilymph, AI).

Language: Английский

---